Borgmann Aquaponics Hydroponics
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Overview
Foundations & Concepts The Idea Vision and philosophy behind sustainable food production Biology Biological foundations and connections The Business Economic efficiency and business models Systems & Getting Started Aquaponics Closed-loop system with fish and plants Hydroponics Growing plants without soil Ecoponics Ecological closed-loop systems Permaculture Ecological Self-sufficiency Organisms Fish Plants Medicinal Plants Sprouts Microgreens Push & Pull Nutrients & Analysis Nutrient Solutions C...
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Vortex systems
To enrich the nutrient solution in the system with oxygen, a vortex system is often used. For some system types (aeroponics, NFT, etc.), this requirement is inherently eliminated. Here is a technical article on professional vortex systems. In most systems, depending on the type and amount of nutrient solution, oxygen enrichment as known from aquariums is sufficient. Keyword: airstone. The necessary aquarium air pump for this is often available for under 10 €. Vortex systems are based on the Ta...
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Grams to Moles
Here we explain how grams are converted to moles. The conversion from moles to grams can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . You will need a periodic table and a calculator. First, identifying the elements that make up the compound. Example: the compound NaHCO 3 consists of four elements: sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Then determine the number of atoms each element contributes to the compound. Example: H 2 O has two hydrogen and one oxy...
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Periodic Table
Context: You often need the periodic table to calculate fertilizer solutions, as the quantities of an existing fertilizer solution usually have to be calculated in relation to the amount of additional fertilizers added. See the Fertilizer article series . By Antonsusi, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82871392 Context: {loadmoduleid 95} ID:
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Water Treatment
The stages of water treatment The process can be divided into the following procedures. The model used is water treatment in sewage treatment plants, as this has similar problems to those that occur in aquaponics and hydroponics systems. Physical methodsBiological processesChemical processesMembrane process (also part of physical treatment) Given the amount of wastewater generated, our focus here will also be on an energy-efficient process, as the construction of the "sewage treatment plant" is ...
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Why heating costs can be reduced through hydraulic balancing
Context: When heating a greenhouse, every optimization option plays a role - in this case, it can even play a major financial role. The hydraulic adjustment is a method of optimizing the heating system in a building so that all radiators are supplied with the correct amount of heat. This not only provides more comfort, but also helps To save heating costs and to reduce energy consumption. Here is a simple explanation of how this works: 1. Why heating costs can be reduced through hydraulic balanc...
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Fish-Biofilter Calculator
Dimensioning and balancing fish production & biofiltration 1. Fish Production Fish African catfish – Clarias gariepinus Alaska pollock – Gadus chalcogrammus Black tiger shrimp – Penaeus monodon Brook trout – Salvelinus fontinalis Carp – Cyprinus carpio Cobia – Rachycentron canadum Eel, European – Anguilla anguilla European seabass – Dicentrarchus labrax Giant river prawn – Macrobrachium rosenbergii Greater amberjack – Seriola dumerili Halibut – Hippoglossus hippoglossus Pangasius – Pangasianodon...
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Ammonium/Ammonia Limits in Aquaponics
Ammonium/Ammonia Limit Values in Aquaponics Important Note: EU Directive 78/659/EEC defines environmental quality standards for natural waters. For closed recirculating systems (Aquaponics/Aquaculture), significantly stricter guideline values apply. The Decisive Factor: pH Value and Temperature The toxicity of total ammonium (NH4+ + NH3) depends on the proportion of toxic Ammonia (NH3), which increases with rising pH value and temperature. Conversion Total Ammonium as N: NH4-N = NH4+ × 0.776 Amm...
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Ammonia Calculator for Aquaponics
Ammonia Calculator for Aquaponics Important Information: This calculator determines the toxic ammonia fraction (NH₃-N) from your water parameters. Toxicity depends on pH, temperature, and salinity. Input Values Total Ammonium (NH₄⁺) in g/m³: pH Value: Temperature (°C): Salinity (g/L, optional): Use 0 g/L for freshwater Fish Type:Salmonids (Trout, Salmon)Cyprinids (Carp, Tilapia)Other/Unknown Calculate Results Calculated Values Total Ammonium as N: 0.78 g/m³ NH₄-N Ammonia Fraction (NH₃): 1.8% T...
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Fertilizer & Nutrient Solutions
Use the Homestead Bone Black Fertilizer by Boston Public Library, CC BY 2.0 Here we have created a short introduction to the topic of fertilizer and nutrient solutions, with which you can learn the concept, the basics and also the calculation of self-created nutrient solutions. In the last article you will find a brief overview of deficiency symptoms and how you can recognize and correct them. Please also keep in mind that the perfect recipe for your own plant requires enormous knowledge, compl...
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PPM ⇄ mol/L ⇄ g/L ⇄ %
Fertilizer Salt Concentration Calculator Calculates nutrient concentrations based on added fertilizer salt amount ✍️ Enter Formula Select from List Pay attention to uppercase and lowercase letters in the chemical formula. Mo2 is not MO2. Hydration · can be entered as .: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O = (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O Examples: KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, Fe2(SO4)3, KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O Copy & Paste with subscript characters also works: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O Select fertilizer salt:-- Please select -- Amount of fe...
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Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt
Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt Xylenol orange contains one sulfonic acid, four carboxyl groups, two amino groups, and two hydroxy groups, each of which can be protonated or deprotonated. At pH ≈ 4.5, xylenol orange exists in a lemon-yellow form. In this form, xylenol orange forms a weak red to red-violet complex with some polyvalent metal ions, which is destroyed by the addition of a stronger complexing agent such as EDTA. Use : As an indicator in titration. Typical concentration: 1 ml / 100 ml...
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Titanium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Titan Titanium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the titanium(IV) ion (TiO₂⁺) or as a titanyl complex (TiO²⁺) . It may be essential, but traces of Ti 3+ are so ubiquitous that its addition is rarely justified. At 5 ppm, beneficial growth effects are quite remarkable in some crops, e.g., pineapple and peas. A variable micronutrient. There are various methods for determining titanium: Spectrophotometry with peroxo complexes: formation of a yellow titanyl peroxide c...
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Sodium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Natrium Sodium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the sodium ion (Na⁺) . Na + can partially replace K + in some plant functions, but K + is still an essential nutrient. There are different methods for determining sodium: Flame photometry: A fast and precise method for the quantitative determination of sodium. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): Highly precise determination at very low concentrations. Precipitation titration with aluminum oxinate: A chemical meth...
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No acid-base reaction
Context: The fertilizer calculation program and its results regarding the calculated pH value. What the program does not do: No dynamic chemical equilibrium (no pKa model) No exact activity calculation No EC/buffering influences The program currently calculates the pH purely from the net charge of the ion balance , especially from OH⁻ excesses , but: A real nutrient solution such as Steiner's solution has a complex buffering effect and cannot be calculated solely by the cation/anion balance . Th...
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Borate species in aqueous solution
The term borate species refers to the various chemical forms (species) in which boron can exist in a solution. The form depends strongly on the pH value . Important borate species 1. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) – undissociated, neutral Predominant at pH < 7 Acts as a weak Lewis acid Exists mainly as uncharged molecules Reaction in water: H3 BO3 + H2O ↔ [B(OH4)]⁻ + H⁺ 2. Tetrahydroxoborate ion ([B(OH)₄]⁻) – anionic Predominant at pH > 9 Formed by the reaction of boric acid with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) Impo...
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Expected in the analysis
In hydroponics, the following substances and compounds are present in the nutrient solution (liquid fertilizer). To estimate the amount you need to monitor, whether through titration, test strips, or other analytical methods, here's an overview of the concentrations you should expect in the analysis: An overview of the analysis techniques and further details can be found here . Element / CompoundNamemmol/Lmg/L (ppm) Macronutrients K Potassium 3 – 8 117 – 313 Ca Calcium 1 – 4 40 – 160 Mg Magnesiu...
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Lithium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Lithium Lithium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the lithium ion (Li+) . Li+ can increase the chlorophyll content of some plants (e.g., potato and pepper plants). A non-essential micronutrient. There are different methods for determining lithium: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): High-precision method for determining lithium. Flame photometry: A simple and sensitive method for measuring lithium. Complexometric titration with EDTA: A less common method, but p...
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ppm to moles
Umrechnung: 100 ppm NO₃⁻ in mol/L Example : Conversion: 100 ppmNO3−in mol/L Given : 100 ppmNO3−= 100 mg/L 1. Molar mass ofNO3− Nitrogen (N): 14.01 g/mol Oxygen (O): 3 × 16.00 = 48.00 g/mol Total: 62.01 g/mol 2. Conversion to mol/L Calculation: c = 100 mg 62.01 g/mol = 0.100 g/L 62.01 g/mol ≈ 0.00161 mol/L Result 100 ppmNO3−≈ 1.61 mmol/L Sources Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura – General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications , 10th Edition PubChem – Nitrates (NO₃⁻) Example: ...
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EDTA Titration Principle
EDTA titrations have wide applications in inorganic analysis due to its strong complexing effect and commercial availability.5 However, due to the polyprotic nature of EDTA, pH affects the forms present in the solution, and auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides and maintain the concentration of free metal ions. Direct Titration: Involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoin...
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Nutrient Chemistry: Ion Ratio
Hydroponics · Nutrient Chemistry · Tool A Ion Ratio Checker Critical ratios based on the antagonism mechanisms from Article 1.Input can be entered in mmol/L, g element/L, or mg element/L (= ppm). This is a supplementary tool used by the Fertiliser Calculator to calculate potential antagonisms and precipitation reactions. Input unit: mmol/L g/L mg/L (ppm) Molar masses are used automatically for conversion. Macronutrients Ca²⁺ 40.08 Mg²⁺ 24.31 K⁺ 39.10 N ∑ 14.01 NH₄⁺ 14.01 H₂PO₄⁻ 30.97 SO₄²⁻ 32.06...
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Fertilizer Calculator HowTo
The script ( download here ) allows you to create your own fertilizer mix for hydroponics or soil from over 50 different fertilizer salts and over 200 NPK fertilizers can also be used. Procedure 1) Select the example nutrient solution or specification and display it Tried and tested nutrient solutions from the literature, see in the drop down menu Predefined nutrient solutions - Please select (optional) - Don't let the years fool you: practically nothing has changed since 1966, only the temp...
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Murashige & Skoog Medium
Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero) ) is the most popular plant growth medium used in laboratories worldwide for cultivating plant cell cultures on agar . MS0 was invented in 1962 by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog during Murashige's search for a new growth regulator. A number after the letters MS indicates the sucrose content of the medium. For example, MS0 contains no sucrose, while MS20 contains 20 g/L sucrose. Together with its modificatio...
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Plant Combinator
Plant Combinator pH · EC · USDA Zone · Frost Tolerance Select Plants + Add Plant Range Comparison pH Value EC Value (mS/cm) USDA Hardiness Zone Detailed Analysis & Compatibility Please select plants … Planting Calendar Please select plants … Copy Result Copy to Clipboard ✓ Copied! Fine Print ! Please note that the nutrient consumption of individual varieties can vary greatly depending on growth phase and plant type, and the resulting quantity ratios may cause undesired interactions/blockages and...
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Agar
Agar is a natural gelling agent derived from the cell walls of certain red algae (e.g. B. Gelidium or Gracilaria) is won. In plant-cell breeding, agar serves as a carrier medium for nutrients and hormones that promote the growth and differentiation of plant cells in vitro. Properties and functions gelling agent: Agar solidifies at about 40 °C and only melts at about 85–90 °C. This makes it ideal for stabilizing culture media. Nutrient carrier: Serves as a matrix to contain water, macro- and micr...
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Can ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) be used in hydroponics?
Yes, but with limitations: Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) can be used in hydroponics, but must be dosed carefully. Components of ammonium nitrate NH₄⁺ (ammonium) – plant available, but potentially toxic NO₃⁻ (nitrate) – well tolerated, main nitrogen source advantages Supplies two forms of nitrogen May contribute to pH stabilization (NO₃⁻ basic, NH₄⁺ acidic) Risks & Constraints Ammonium toxicity: Harmful at high concentration or low pH pH shift: NH₄⁺ lowers the pH value in the substrate Safety aspec...
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Cyanamide
Cyanamide is used in agriculture as a fertilizer and as a plant growth regulator by breaking dormancy in fruit plants (table grapes, kiwis, apples, pears) (dormancy breaking agent). The 50% aqueous solution is also used as a biocide (disinfectant), particularly in pig farming, as it is effective in killing salmonella and dysentery bacteria and controlling flies at all stages of development. No plant protection products containing the active ingredient cyanamide are approved in the EU. Neverthe...
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Nutrient deficiency
Nährstoffmängel in Hydroponik und Erde Nutrient deficiency in hydroponic systems & Soil * Version 0.20-en * 2025-07 Structured overview of deficiency symptoms Leaves Leaf loss & death Dying shoot tips → Ca, B (strongly documented even in standard works such as Resh 2012) Leaf loss (secondary) → Ca, B (Cu– deficiency rare, rare primary cause) Midday wilting despite water → Ca, root stress (e.g. B. in the case of O₂ deficiency or pH problems). Ca is no longer adequately transported due to d...
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Interactions: Chelate Stability Window
Hydroponics · Nutrient Chemistry · Article 2 of 2 Nutrient Solution: Chelates, Ion Ratios and Practice Why chelates are necessary, which ones work at which pH, how critical ion ratios are derived – and what the Long Ashton / Hewitt (1966) solution demonstrates as an example. Article 1 shows that Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu have their availability optimum in the acidic range (pH 5.0–6.5), while Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ are more available near neutral. The compromise targeted in hydroponics at pH 5.8–6.2 means...
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An Investment for the Future ★
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation A 'plant' for the future Fresh vegetables & fish.Fully automatic, sustainable & efficient. Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? → ‹ › Please book an appointment to discuss your plant design with us. Request appointment Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? Sustainable Up to 90% less water consumption compared to field cultivation. Efficiently High yields in a small area– regard...
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Our services
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Comprehensive Solutions from Borgmann Aquaponics and Hydroponics Start well informed – arrive safely. We consciously provide you with this knowledge because we believe that those who understand what they are doing will achieve better results. At the same time, we know from many years of experience that each system has its own history. Whether during setup, commissioning or when unexpected problems arise – we are at your side as a re...
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Studies & Sources
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Studies & Sources Scientifically-based Data & Analysis on Aquaponics A systematic overview of the current research landscape – from peer-reviewed studies to practical applications. The Current Research Landscape Aquaponics research is experiencing unprecedented growth. What once was considered niche technology is now the focus of international research institutions and d...
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Yield and savings calculator
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Aquaponics/Hydroponics Calculator Calculate your estimated yields and break-even point for your system project System Parameters Choose system type: Hydroponics Only Aquaponics (Plants + Fish) Growing Area (m²) Plant area Tank Volume (m³) Fish tank Main CropLettuce/Herbs (30-35 kg/m²)Tomatoes/Cucumbers/Peppers (50-70 kg/m²) Investment Costs (€) One-time Market Prices Pla...
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And this is how it works
Your path to a successful aquaponics or hydroponics system – step by step to your goal: Setting up an aquaponics or hydroponics system is an investment in the future – ecologically, sustainably, and economically sensible. Regardless of size, this technology offers enormous opportunities for both end consumers with some space in their garden (from 5 square meters) and farmers with several hectares of land to grow food in a water-saving and environmentally friendly way. To ensure that your project...
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Aquaponics - Legal Aspects
Legal Aspects of Aquaponics A complex topic – navigate the jungle of regulations with good advice. Aquaponics is an innovative combination of aquaculture and hydroponics, but it involves a variety of legal aspects and conditions. As specific regulations can vary regionally, it is essential to gather comprehensive information from local authorities and relevant agencies. Below, we summarize the most important legal areas you should consider when planning and operating your aquaponics system: The ...
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Visit
Consultation and guided tour of our research facility in Portugal Please schedule a guided tour appointment so we have enough time to take care of your questions. You can reach us at ☎ 00351-966 06 30 50 during regular business hours. We offer regular guided tours of our facility. Contact us directly or check our calendar to see if one of the upcoming dates suits you. Would you like a consultation? A short message is enough – we will get back to you immediately: Find the contact form here. ☎ Pho...
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Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics Theory and practice: two sides of the same coin. This page gives you the necessary basic knowledge – transparent and without reservations. Because sound knowledge protects against costly mistakes. Nevertheless, practice shows time and again: even experienced operators encounter situations that require individual assessment and targeted support. That's exactly what we're here for. With ...
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And this is how it works
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Your Path to a Successful Aquaponics or Hydroponics System – Step by Step to Your Goal: Building an aquaponics or hydroponics system is an investment in the future – ecological, sustainable, and economically profitable. Regardless of size, this technology offers tremendous opportunities for both the home grower with some space in the garden and the farmer with several he...
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Thank you for your interest
Thank you for your interest, we will get back to you as soon as possible. If you don't want to wait, you can reach us during normal business hours at the following numbers: Switzerland: 0041-79-58 35 913 Portugal: 00351-966-06 30 50 Kind regards Borgmann Aquaponics Hydroponics
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Fenugreek (Sprouts)
Facts about Fenugreek The taste: Mild, nutty, sweet, fresh Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 8 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.2 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.4 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: soak for 8 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - ...
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Spelled (Sprouts)
Facts about Spelled The taste: Strong, sweet Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain twice a day, spr...
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Komatsuna (Sprouts)
Facts about Komatsuna The taste: Mild, light like mustard Germination: 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.5 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and dr...
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Lentils (Sprouts)
Facts about Lentils The taste: Intensely nutty Germination: 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.4 suitable fish Size: up to 6.3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from day one Germination temperature: 18°C - 20°C irrigation: - Flood an...
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Mung Bean (Sprouts)
Facts about Mung Bean The taste Mild, nutty, fresh Germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 3 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements low - weak eater pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size up to 4.5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds For 8 to 12 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light Not necessary, dark germs Germination temperature 24°C - 25°C irrigatio...
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Pak Choi/Tatsoi (Sprouts)
Facts about Pak Choi / Tatsoi The taste Slightly peppery, fresh germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 5 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements moderate - moderate eater pH range 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area 1.5 - 2.0 suitable fish Size up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light indirect light from the third day Germination temperature 21°C i...
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Rye (Sprouts)
Facts about Rye The taste: sweet, like wheat Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to 3 times a...
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Onion (Sprouts)
Facts about Onion The taste: Intense, like onion or garlic Germination: 2 to 5 days Growth until harvest: 10 to 15 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.0 - 6.7 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: 5 to 9 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the fourth day Germination temperature: 21°C Ir...
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Foreword to Growing sprouts
Growing sprouts has grown significantly in popularity in recent years. Sprouts are not only a tasty and versatile addition to many dishes, but also a rich source of nutrients. These small, young plants germinate from seeds and can be harvested in a matter of days. They are known for their high content of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, making them a valuable addition to a healthy diet. Sprouts are particularly attractive to home gardeners and urban farmers because they require little spac...
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Adzuki bean (Sprouts)
Facts Adzuki Bean The taste: Mild, nutty, like kidney beans Germination: 12 days Growth until harvest: 2 - 4 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 2 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: soak for 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary, dark germs Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: -...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 4
Figure 19. Graphical comparison between sludge production, sludge reduction, and sludge outtakeassuming a TSS reduction of 90%, a HRT of 10 days, and an SRT of 80 days (y‐axis). The days aredisplayed on the x‐axis. 5.2. Nitrate Flow EstimatesAs can be seen schematically in Figure 6, the flow rate from RAS to the plants is determined by theplant evapotranspiration rate derived from the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation. Unlike in the case ofother macronutrients, the remineralization potential for...
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Aquaponics System Modeling: Interactive Diagram
Borgmann-Aquaponik-Hydroponik.ch (Beta 0.5.7.5) * Roux * Somerville ACCORDING TO ROUX · FAO/SOMERVILLE · KSU/HAGER ⊙SYSTEM MAP ↻CAUSE-DIAGRAM WATER ⬡ NUTRIENTS ⚡ ENERGY 0Nodes 0Links 0Loops System Aquaponics Hydroponics Shared Risks Decoupling Link Flow Types N-Cycle P-Cycle Water Cycle Biomass CO₂ / Carbon Energy Risk / Dep. Variable Group Nitrogen Phosphorus Fish Plant Water Quality Energy External Inputs Output/Harvest Polarity Positive (+) Negative (−) Feedback Loops RR1 Fish Growth BB1 N-Up...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 1
A System Dynamics Design Approach Download the PDF Version here: Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems Simon Goddek 1,2,*, Carlos Alberto Espinal 3 , Boris Delaide 4, Mohamed Haissam Jijakli 4, Zala Schmautz 5, Sven Wuertz 6 and Karel J. Keesman 11 Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands;
Read more »This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Aquaponik Manufaktur GmbH, Geldener Str. 139, Issum 47661, Germany3 LandIng Aquaculture, Evenheuvel 4, 5688 LZ O... -
Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 2
Table 1. Observed sunshine hours (per month) and the respective estimated reference evaporation (ETo in mm/day) for Köln-Bonn. Figure 2. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo in mm/day) upon plain natural lighting (Köln‐Bonn) or at constant radiation using (additional) artificial light. 3.3. Input Data and Parametrization for RASThe modelled RAS comprised four fish tanks with a volume of 1 m3 each. Additional RAScomponents (i.e., biofilter, drum filter, sump, etc.) add another 3 m3 of volume. ...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 3
4.2. Model Description—FlowchartsFigures 4 and 5 show the water flow of traditional RAS and one-loop aquaponic systems.Whereas the outflow in RAS is mainly defined by water discharge rates and sludge removal, themain outflow in one-loop aquaponic systems occurs via evapotranspiration and sludge removal.Figure 6 illustrates in what DAPS differ from the other approaches. Although its main water outflowis also defined through evapotranspiration, it reduces water loss by recycling the sludge, whosep...
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Aquaponics / Hydroponics
Aquaponics: Sustainable Food Production in a Cycle Aquaponics is a method that combines the rearing of fish in aquaculture with the cultivation of plants in hydroponics. There are different approaches to deliver the nutrients produced by the fish to the plants. Overview of Cultivation Methods Overview of Aquaponics System Types Aquaponics, like hydroponics systems, are always part of a closed cycle. Aquaponics, for fish production, always contains a hydroponic system for plant cultivation. The s...
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Advances in Hydroponics Research
Innovations for Plant Growth Hydroponics, the soilless farming method, continues to be the focus of agricultural research and promises sustainable and efficient plant growth. Recent studies show progress in optimizing nutrient delivery systems and increasing crop yields. Researchers are exploring innovative hydroponic techniques that integrate precision agriculture technologies and ensure precise control of nutrient concentrations and environmental conditions. This not only maximizes resource ef...
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Comparison Costs & Benefits
Choosing an Aquaponics or Hydroponics System The choice of irrigation method depends on various factors such as costs for the system setup, operating costs, space requirements, water consumption, desired productivity (yield), and many other aspects. To help you make a decision, we have created an example here that can give you a first impression of the compromises to be expected. By Adam Arthur CCBY2 DAR: Decision Analysis and Resolution The system used in this example is called DAR (Decision An...
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Foreword to fish farming in aquaponics systems
Fish farming plays a central role in aquaponics systems and represents a symbiotic complement to plant production. The combination of fish farming and hydroponics creates sustainable circular systems that make optimal use of and support both components. The fish provide valuable nutrients for the plants through their excretions, while the plants in turn purify the water and provide the fish with a healthy living environment. The integration of fish farming into aquaponics systems offers numero...
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Aquaculture and Aquaponics
Aquaculture is not aquaponics Actually, today we consume much more fish than there is in the oceans and lakes. Aquacultures in the seas and lakes are the basis for the high fish consumption. Today, aquacultures seem to be the solution at all to cover the high demand for fish, but there are also negative consequences for humans and the environment, especially for organisms living in the water. It is clear that more than half of all fish products consumed worldwide already come from aquaculture. B...
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Permaculture: Herb Spirals & Microclimates
Permaculture Series Article 5 of 8 Herb Spirals & Microclimates The herb spiral is one of the best-known elements of permaculture and, at the same time, one of the most frequently misunderstood. It is not a decorative garden feature, but a functional microclimate system that creates several different site conditions simultaneously within the smallest of spaces. This article explains the physical principles, the construction variants, and the planting by zone sections — from dry-Mediterranean at ...
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Permaculture: Regenerative Ecosystem Design
Permaculture Article Series Article 1 of 8 Introductory Permaculture describes a holistic design concept for gardens, agriculture, and settlements that mimics natural cycles, conserves resources, and actively promotes biodiversity. This article lays out the historical, ethical, and scientific foundations. 1. Term and Origin The term permaculture is a portmanteau coined by Australian agricultural scientists Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the 1970s from the English words permanent and agricul...
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Permaculture: Spatial Planning & Zoning Concept
Permaculture Article Series Article 2 of 8 Spatial Planning & Zone Concept The zone concept is one of the central planning tools in permaculture. It arranges the elements of a garden or settlement according to the frequency of human use and the associated maintenance effort. By placing frequently needed plants and tools close to the house and shifting extensively managed areas to the periphery, unnecessary journeys are reduced, energy is saved, and the system becomes permanently lower in mainten...
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Permaculture: Intercropping & Companion Planting
Permaculture Article Series Article 3 of 8 Polycultures & Companion Planting Polycultures are the practical heart of permaculture. Instead of separating individual species in rows, plants are combined in ways that protect, complement, and jointly utilize the soil. The scientific foundation ranges from allelopathy and rhizosphere ecology to tritrophic food webs. This article explains the mechanisms, evaluates the accompanying friend-foe matrix, and derives concrete planting plans from it. 1. Ecol...
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Permaculture: Soil Improvement & Circular Economy
Permaculture Article Series Article 4 of 8 Soil Building & Circular Economy Soil is the most important means of production in the permaculture garden. Healthy soil needs no synthetic fertilizers, largely regulates water balance and pH itself, and nourishes plants through a dense network of fungal hyphae, bacteria, earthworms, and soil organisms. This article explains how compost, raised beds, and mulch work together to build a permanently fertile system from exhausted or compacted soil. 1. Soil ...
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Permaculture: Pest Management and Push & Pull
Permaculture Series Article 6 of 8 Pest Management & Push & Pull Permaculture avoids the reactive use of pesticides and replaces it with preventive system design. The push-and-pull principle is the most effective tool for this: repelling plants keep pests away from crops, while attracting plants draw them into controlled areas or concentrate beneficial organisms that regulate pest pressure. This article explains the biological mechanisms, derives specific plant combinations from the friend-foe m...
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Permaculture: Plant Selection Tool
Permaculture Series Article 7 of 8 Plant Selection Tool The following tool filters 27 crop and companion plants by location, USDA zone, area, workload, and objective. Compatibility information is based on the friend-foe matrix from Article 3. Planting times apply to outdoor cultivation without a greenhouse. Filter: Your Starting Situation USDA Climate Zone All Zones Zone 7 & 8 (temperate, Northern Portugal, Central Europe) Zone 9 & 10 (warm, Southern Portugal, Mediterranean) Objective All Object...
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Permaculture: Society, DIY & Citizen Science
Permaculture Series Article 8 of 8 Society, DIY & Citizen Science Permaculture is not purely a gardening concept. It is a design philosophy that scales from the individual garden to urban planning, connects communities, and links scientific knowledge with practical action. This article concludes the series and shows how individual gardening practices are embedded in larger ecological and social contexts. 1. From the Individual Garden to a Social Movement What began as an Australian agricultural ...
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Permaculture: Plant Selection Based on Site Parameters
Plant Selector Permaculture Selection criteria for permaculture plants · Friends/Foes · Push & Pull · Allelopathy · Nitrogen Fixation Use / Focus All Self-sufficiency Hobby / Low Maintenance Beneficial Plant Light All Sunny Partial Shade Water Requirements All Low (drought-resistant) Medium High (moisture-loving) Nutrient Consumer Type All Heavy Feeder Medium Feeder Light Feeder Push & Pull All Push – Repel Pests Pull – Attract Beneficials Both Effects No Effect Nitrogen Fixer All Yes (N-Fixer...
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Root Zone Temperature
Root Zone Temperature Scientific Foundations and Documented Impacts on Hydro- and Aquaponics Systems The Neglected Parameter While pH values and nutrient concentrations in hydro- and aquaponics systems are routinely monitored, root zone temperature often remains overlooked. However, current peer-reviewed studies clearly show measurable impacts on growth, yield, and plant health. Common Measurement Error Root zone temperature can significantly deviate from the measured air temperature - especiall...
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pH and Ec: Fruit, Vegetables, Herbs
First of all: the values described in the following table should be treated with caution. Of course, even within the same order, down to the genus, the differences are enormous. What a healthy tomato produces in an allotment garden can show serious deficiency symptoms in a hydroponic system with the same pH and optimal Ec value - and vice versa. There is no way around testing and closely observing the plant depending on the chosen nutrient composition. The pH and EC values are the most impor...
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FCR / Feed Conversion Rate
The FCR (the Feed conversion rate) describes how much feed an animal needs for growth, i.e. the weight gain per feed weight achieved by farm animals in fattening. It is a simple indication of the efficiency of converting feed to body weight. The required amount of feed per 1 kg of weight gain during fattening is usually specified (so-called feed conversion rate, FCR). The FCR depends primarily on the animal species, the composition and quantity of feed used (energy content, protein content, etc....
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Plant Names
Plant Names Latin Plant Names English NameBotanic Name (Latin) Fava bean Vicia faba Adzuki bean Vigna angularis Aloe vera Aloe vera Amaranth Amaranthus Pineapple Ananas comosus Anise Pimpinella anisum Apple Malus domestica Apricot Prunus armeniaca Artichoke Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus Eggplant Solanum melongena Avocado Persea americana Banana Musa Basil Ocimum basilicum Wild garlic Allium ursinum Bhut Jolkai (Pepper) Capsicum chinense Pear Pyrus Collard greens Brassica oleracea var. viridis...
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Mass extinction
The so-called „big five“ (also Big Five) include: the Ordovician mass extinction 444 million years ago the Kellwasser event in the Upper Devonian 372 million years ago the event at the Permian-Triassic boundary 252 million years ago the crisis period at the Triassic-Jurassic border 201 million years ago the mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary 66 million years ago For the Big Five, the respective species declines were likely between 70 and 75 percent, or in some cases higher. Al...
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Root Zone Temperature – Measurement Technology & Monitoring
Root Zone Temperature – Measurement Technology & Monitoring Practical Methods, Technologies, and Scientifically Proven Approaches for Capturing and Documenting RZT Why Measurement is Crucial Air temperature is not a reliable indicator of the actual temperature in the root zone. Differences of up to 5–10°C are documented in hydro- and aquaponics systems (Levine et al. 2023; Hayashi et al. 2024). Without precise measurement, controlling the RZT remains speculative and potential yield increases are...
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Taxonomy - Classification of living things
Basics of Taxonomy Hierarchy of taxonomic levels (excluding intermediate levels) Taxonomy, as a branch of biology, systematically records living things (and viruses). This division into a hierarchical system is traditionally associated with classification into a certain rank, such as species, genus or family, especially in organisms, but also in viruses, see virus taxonomy. In biology, a taxon is a group of living things (or viruses) that can be described by common characteristics and distingu...
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Root Zone Temperature – Control & Regulation
Root Zone Temperature – Control & Regulation Heating and Cooling Systems, Energy Efficiency, and Practical Solutions for Hydro- and Aquaponics Why Control is Necessary Precise control of the root zone temperature (RZT) enables active optimization of plant growth and health. Studies show significant yield increases when the RZT is regulated independently of the air temperature (Li et al. 2015; Hayashi et al. 2024). At the same time, heating and cooling costs can be reduced since the entire room v...
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Root Zone Optimization: Crop-Specific Strategies in Hydroponics
Crop-Specific Strategies in Hydroponics Root Zone Optimization Note: The following information is based on scientific literature and focuses on the specific requirements of different crop types in hydroponic systems. In hydroponics, the root zone is the absolute heart of the cultivation system. Unlike soil-based cultivation, the complete control over growth conditions requires precise strategies tailored to the respective crop type. The decisive factor here is the oxygen supply to the roots. L...
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Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems: Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations
Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations Note: The following economic calculations are based on peer-reviewed studies and practical operational data from commercial hydroponic facilities. The economic viability of hydroponic systems is largely determined by the ratio of energy input to yield. Accurate ROI calculation is essential for successful commercial implementation. Energy Analysis of Hydroponic Systems Energy Distribution in Closed Systems Studies ...
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Labeo rohita / Rohu
Rohu / Labeo rohita Rohu is a representative of the carp family and is wonderfully suitable as a fish for aquaculture, as this herbivorous fish allows for a combination of farming with prawns. Although this requires larger tanks and increased effort, it ensures a higher yield. It can be combined excellently with the giant river prawn. Since it belongs to the cyprinids, it is possible to obtain the organic label certificate, the same applies to the prawns. Rohu grows quickly and can be harvest...
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Gadus chalcogrammus / Alaska Pollock
Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) Alaska pollock is the second most popular food fish in the world and is sometimes called "Alaska cod." The name can be misleading, as it is part of the cod family and has no connection whatsoever to salmon. It has a fine, flavorful meat that contains a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids at 0.3 g per 100 g. It is native to the coasts of the North Pacific and lives there in so-called schools. Despite warnings about overfishing from WWF and Greenpeace, Alas...
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The fish market
On average around the world, around 19.7 kg of fish is consumed per person per year. Annual per capita consumption in Oceania is approximately 24.8 kg, in North America 21.4 kg and in Europe 22.2 kg (Source: State of world fisheries and aquaculture, FAO, 2016). ( 1 Germany In 2020, a total of 1.14 million tons of fish and seafood were consumed in Germany. This corresponds to a per capita consumption of 14.1 kg. ( 2 The market shares of fish and fishery products in Germany were broken down as ...
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Stocking density
Fish stocking density is subject to legal requirements and biological limits. This article explains the legal framework and practical recommendations for species-appropriate keeping. However: As of January 26, 2026, there are no uniform, EU-wide binding stocking density regulations for aquaponics systems. Regulation is multi-layered and based on several areas of law. The permissible density results from the interaction of national animal welfare law, fertilizer law, and the practical limits of y...
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Typicall fish diseases
In aquaponics systems, fish can be susceptible to various diseases, just like in traditional aquaculture setups. Some common fish diseases that may occur in aquaponics include: Columnaris Disease (Flexibacteriosis): Caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Symptoms include white or grayish patches on the skin, frayed fins, and lethargy. Aeromonas Infections: Caused by bacteria of the genus Aeromonas. Symptoms may include ulcers, fin rot, hemorrhages, and abdominal swelling. Dropsy...
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Acipenser baerii / Siberian sturgeon
Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) The Siberian sturgeon comes from the rivers of Siberia and Lake Baikal. It is divided into three subspecies; The Acipenser baerii baerii from the Ob River (Western Siberia), the Acipenser baerii baicalensis, which comes from Lake Baikal and the Acipenser baerii stenorhynchus, which is native to the eastern rivers of Siberia. The sturgeon is not only a tasty food fish, but is also best known for producing caviar. The original Kavier comes from him. The product...
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Eedible Fish
1948 advertisement for Flair fish cutlets - Public Domain Edible fish are fish species that are suitable for human consumption. Depending on their habitat, a distinction is made between freshwater fish and saltwater fish (sea fish). Some fish species occur in both saltwater and freshwater, for example eel and salmon. Not all of them are suitable for breeding in aquaponics or aquaculture. Here is an overview of the preferred fish species for aquaponics systems. eels eels Ayu perch-like fish eagl...
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Stress in Fish
Fish are much more susceptible to disease than they are stressed. The most important are infectious diseases including parasitoses, water-related damage and stress factors in the housing conditions. Injuries, hereditary diseases, malformations and tumors also occur in fish. Some infectious diseases can lead to mass loss in fish farming. They are then referred to as fish diseases and are subject to legal measures in accordance with the Animal Health Act, special legal regulations or EU legal pr...
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Fish in Aquaponics
001835:Fish Quay North Shields unknown ca.1890 by Newcastle Libraries, Public Domain Mark 1.0. In order to find the right fish for your own aquaponics system, you can already fall back on a large selection of suitable food fish. There are small fish for small systems and large ones for larger ones. However, they all have to fulfil some basic requirements. As a rule, fish are used that can withstand the high, almost tropical temperatures in a plant. So they have to be heat-resistant. Furthermore,...
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Foreword to Plants in Aquaponics & Hydroponics
The selection of plants plays a central role in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Typical plant species include fast-growing vegetables such as lettuce, herbs and tomatoes. These plants are particularly well suited due to their short growth cycles and high yields. Choosing the right plants can significantly increase the efficiency and productivity of the systems. Why are there so few plants listed here? For cultivation in your system, you will find a larger selection under Sprouts and Microgreen...
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Planting recommendations
Album Vilmorin. The vegetable garden 1850-1895. Public Domain This article will show which plants can be cultivated in an aquaponic system. Before going into detail about the individual plants, however, it is important to understand which systems exist in the world of aquaponicsc, as some plants work better in system A than in system B, for example. Still others, on the other hand, have proven themselves in system B. This alone makes it clear that there is no such thing as the best system or the...
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Strawberry (Hydroponics)
Recommendation Planting spacing: up to 10 plants per meter Root length: 70 cm Plant height: 10 - 30 cm Sun: full sun Lighting: 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation): any Total nutrient requirement: high Nutrient dosage (NPK): 10-10-10 pH range: 5.5 - 6.5 matching plants Ec range: 0.8 - 1.8 matching fish Climate zone (USDA): 3 - 10 Growth in frost: no Temperature damage from: < 4 °C Frost resistance: no Days to germination: 14 - 40 Days to harvest: 100 - 140 Vegetation period: Perennial,...
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Tabacco
Recommendation Planting distance 60 cm Root length 80 cm Pflanzenhöhe 100 - 200 cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any Nutrient requirements total high Nutrient dosage (NPK) pH range 5.8 - 5.8 matching plants Ec - area Climate zones (USDA) 9a ~ 11b > 10 °C Growth in frost no Temperature damage < 1 °C Frost resistance no Days until germination 7 - 21 Days until harvest 90 - 120 Growing season 1 year Varieties commonly used...
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Hemp (Hydroponics)
Recommendation Planting distance 75cm Root length 80cm Plant height 60 - 200cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any, preferably black earth Nutrient requirements total very high Nutrient dosage (NPK) 20-20-40 pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 0.8 - 2.0 Climate zone (USDA) 12a ~ > 8°C Growth in frost no Temperature damage < 5°C Frost resistance no Days until germination 7 - 12 Days until harvest 90 - 120 growing se...
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Asparagus (Soil)
Recommendation Planting distance 25 cm / row spacing 1.20 m Root length 15 cm Plant height 0 cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) Sand or clay Nutrient requirements total Nutrient dosage (NPK) pH range 6.0 - 6.8 suitable plants Ec - area Climate zone (USDA) 7 ~ 10 Growth in frost no Temperature damage no Frost resistance Yes Days until germination 7 - 21 Days until harvest 360 + (60) only from the second to third year Gr...
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Amaranth (Hydroponics)
Recommendation Planting spacing 50 cm Root length 50 cm Plant height 50 - 300 cm Sun full sun Lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any Total nutrient requirement high Nutrient dosage (NPK) 4-18-38 pH range 5.5 - 7.0 matching plants Ec range 0.8 - 1.6 matching fish Climate zone (USDA) 12a ~ > 8 °C Growth in frost no Temperature damage from < 4 °C Frost resistance no (variety caudatus: yes) Days to germination 7 Days to harvest 120 - 150 Vegetation...
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Tomato (Hydroponics)
Recommendation Planting spacing: 3 plants per meter Root length: 30 - 50 cm Plant height: > 100 cm Sun: full sun Lighting: 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation): Humus Total nutrient requirement: high Nutrient dosage (NPK): 5-10-10 to 5-10-5 pH range: 5.5 - 6.5 matching plants Ec range: 1.5 - 2.5 matching fish Climate zone (USDA): 3 - 10 Growth in frost: no Temperature damage from: < 5 °C Frost resistance: no Days to germination: 14 - 40 Days to harvest: 100 - 140 Vegetation period: Per...
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Tomatoes Guide values
Fertilization of Tomatoes in Hydro- or Substrate Culture The following reference values are taken from a master's thesis at the University of Applied Sciences Südwestfalen. See link below. Fertilization of tomatoes in substrate cultures is often based on values given in mmol/l. To make them easier to understand, the reference values have also been converted to g/l. The following table provides an overview of the requirements for anions, cations, and trace elements for tomatoes. Examples of how t...
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Plants in Hydroponics
Due to their design, not all plants are suitable for cultivation in aquaponics and hydroponic systems. Here is an, always incomplete, overview of suitable plants. Here you can find empirical values on pH and EC values for plants, herbs and vegetables. The division between fruits, vegetables and herbs is not a biological one. It also varies from culture to culture. Fruits and vegetables are not generic terms for specific plant species. A clear definition is difficult. Could you say that fru...
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