Consulting - Borgmann Aquaponik & Hydroponik

TDS, CF, EC, PPM Conversion

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First of all: In Germany, 0.1 mS/m at 25°C = 0.425 mg/l TDS (mg/l salinity) used to be used as an approximate value for the conversion. According to Grohmann (somewhat imprecise): µS/cm = 5.48 + 1.43 * TDS. The conductivity of an aqueous electrolyte solution (acids, bases and salts are considered electrolytes) is calculated from the sum of the equivalent conductivities of all dissolved ions, multiplied by their respective concentrations. And: The equivalent conductivity depends on the concentrat...
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pH and Ec Finder

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Here you can view the plants that have similar pH and Ec values and can therefore, at least in this respect, be planted together in an aqua or hydroponic system. Also pay attention to the temperature. What are the nutrient requirements for certain plants? This list shows the nutrient concentration preferred by each plant. Note the differences within the subspecies/breeding . Please remember: there are 23,000 varieties of tomatoes - of course these vary in terms of preferred temperatures as wel...
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Grams to Moles

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Here we explain how grams are converted to moles. The conversion from moles to grams can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . You will need a periodic table and a calculator. First, identifying the elements that make up the compound. Example: the compound NaHCO 3 consists of four elements: sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Then determine the number of atoms each element contributes to the compound. Example: H 2 O has two hydrogen and one oxy...
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Periodic Table

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Context: You often need the periodic table to calculate fertilizer solutions, as the quantities of an existing fertilizer solution usually have to be calculated in relation to the amount of additional fertilizers added. See the Fertilizer article series . By Antonsusi, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82871392 Context: {loadmoduleid 95} ID:
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Concrete Exposure Classes

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Concrete Exposure Classes ? Important Note for Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems Whatever structural measures you undertake for your aquaponic or hydroponic installation, please be aware that nutrient solutions as well as fish wastewater interact chemically with concrete and reinforcement. These liquids are typically mildly to strongly acidic (pH below 7 down to pH 5). They also tend to have a high salt content (Electrical Conductivity / EC value of 1.0 up to over 4.0 mS/cm), which rapidly attack...
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Moles to Grams

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Here we explain how to convert moles to grams. The conversion from grams to moles can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . The mass in grams of a mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams per mole) is called the molar mass of that substance. The molar mass (in g/mol) of a substance is numerically always equal to the formula weight of the substance (in ame = atom mass unit or also called u = unit). The atomic mass can be found at the top right of every period...
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PPM ⇄ EC ⇄ TDS ⇄ CF ⇄ mho ⇄ S

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EC/TDS/PPM Converter 🌱 EC/TDS/PPM Converter Hydroponics & Plant Nutrition Unit Converter Base Conversions TDS/PPM Conversion Scale: 500 Scale (USA) 640 Scale (EU) 700 Scale (Truncheon) EC (mS/cm) EC (µS/cm) EC (dS/m) CF (Conductivity Factor) TDS/PPM (mg/L) Siemens (S/cm) = mho/cm ℹ️ Note: TDS/PPM conversion is approximate and depends on ion composition. Mole Calculator (Fertilizer Salts) Select fertilizer salt:-- Select fertilizer salt --Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂)Magnesiu...
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pH and Ec: Cannabis

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Nutrients that cannabis needs can be divided into three categories: Primary macro-nutrients, secondary macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients. This division is based on how much of each nutrient the plant needs. Nitrogen, for example, is categorised as a primary nutrient because the plant needs more of it than calcium or sulphur, for example. Cannabis has different nutrient requirements in different phases. Nitrogen, for example, is mainly needed in the growth phase, but much less in the flowering...
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What is Aquaponics / Aquaculture ?

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Aquaponics and the necessary hydroponics are generic terms for the rearing of fish and plants outside the natural environment, i.e. without soil. In hydroponics, the plants are fertilized using parallel fish farming. The difference between aquaponics and aquaculture is more of an environmental technical. In addition to the environmentally friendly use of water resources, the purpose of these concepts is also to avoid pesticides, herbicides and medicines (according to previous regulations / 2021 ...
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Fish-Biofilter Calculator

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Dimensioning and balancing fish production & biofiltration 1. Fish Production Fish African catfish – Clarias gariepinus Alaska pollock – Gadus chalcogrammus Black tiger shrimp – Penaeus monodon Brook trout – Salvelinus fontinalis Carp – Cyprinus carpio Cobia – Rachycentron canadum Eel, European – Anguilla anguilla European seabass – Dicentrarchus labrax Giant river prawn – Macrobrachium rosenbergii Greater amberjack – Seriola dumerili Halibut – Hippoglossus hippoglossus Pangasius – Pangasianodon...
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Hoagland Nutrient Solution

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Hoagland's solution (HS) is a hydroponic nutrient solution developed by Hoagland and Snyder in 1933. Modified by Hoagland and Arnon in 1938, and revised again by Arnon in 1950. It is one of the most popular standard solution compositions for growing plants in the scientific world at least with more than 21,000 citations from Google Scholar - which is not necessarily a quality aspect, see iron content of spinach. Hoagland's solution provides all the essential elements for plant nutrition and is s...
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Abram Steiner - Universal Nutrient Solution

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Steiner Universal Nutrient Solution is one of the most well-known hydroponic formulations and was developed by Dr. Arthur Steiner . It features a balanced ratio of macro- and micronutrients and is particularly suitable for universal applications (e.g., vegetables, herbs, fruit-bearing plants). Here is the typical composition: Steiner Universal Nutrient Solution (standard recipe) (Figures in grams per 1000 liters of water, converted to grams per liter ) nutrient saltQuantity (g/L)Nutri...
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Fertiliser

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Fertiliser programmes First of all: If you receive a fertiliser recommendation without having explained exactly which plants you are growing, you can safely ignore such recommendations. There are not hundreds of fertiliser types because there is one answer. Each plant species has individual nutrient requirements that also differ according to the growth phase it is in. Furthermore, indiscriminate fertilising, over-fertilising, under-fertilising, wrong composition etc. can have devastating conse...
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Fertiliser: Calculation of nutrient solutions

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By Boston Public Library, license CC BY 2.0 Calculation of the concentrations of nutrient solutions using the following two equations The calculation of the amount of fertilizer that has to be added to the nutrient solutions is part of a successful hydroponic production. Only multiplication, division and subtraction are used for the calculations; no advanced mathematical knowledge is required. If you want to know more about the compositions and concentration information, the article series can b...
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Fertilizer Calculator HowTo

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The script ( download here ) allows you to create your own fertilizer mix for hydroponics or soil from over 50 different fertilizer salts and over 200 NPK fertilizers can also be used. Procedure 1) Select the example nutrient solution or specification and display it Tried and tested nutrient solutions from the literature, see in the drop down menu Predefined nutrient solutions - Please select (optional) - Don't let the years fool you: practically nothing has changed since 1966, only the temp...
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Fertilizer: Calculate a nutrient recipe

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By Boston Public Library, licensed CC BY 2.0 Now that you have the two basic equations for the production of nutrient solutions, we want to use them to calculate the amounts of fertilizer required for a nutrient solution recipe. If you are not familiar with the two equations, read this first: Hydroponic systems: Calculating the concentrations of nutrient solutions using the two equations. Here is our problem: We want to use a modified Sonneveld solution (Matson and Peters, Insidegrower) for herb...
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Fertilizer: Essential Nutrients, Function, Deficiency and Exces

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Deficiency symptoms Quick overview Damage caused by soluble salts Boron deficiency Boron toxicity Calcium deficiency Ferrum deficiency Sulphur deficency Nitrogen deficiency Potassium deficiency Copper deficiency Magnesia deficiency Manganese deficiencyl Molybdenum deficiency Phosphorus deficiency Zinc deficiency Before we begin discussing the principles of plant nutrient systems in hydroponic systems, we need to define what we mean by "hydroponic." Hydroponics is the process of growing plants ...
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Fertilizer Calculator

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Fertilizer Calculator for Hydroponic Systems & Soil * Version 0.25.7-en * 2025-07 * Basics of nutrient solutions * Manual/HowTo. More at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch - * Download Fertilizer Calculator (³³ * ? Dark Mode 1)g/Lmg/L = ppm+ Add more substance Calculate N only if: NO₃⁻ / NH₄⁺ / NH₄⁺ & NO₃⁻ / show anyway (³ (ⁿ Search in fertilizer additives/prefabricated fertilizers Search + Add NPK (without additives)⁴ Calculate Do not show elements O & H Ionic balance Cation charge: –...
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Tomatoes with Long Ashton / Hewitt nutrient solution for hydroponics

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Fertilizer for tomatoes: A recommendation for adaptation, depending on the growth phase The classic Long Ashton nutrient solution (Hewitt, 1966) is intended as a general-purpose formulation for many plant species and is therefore not optimal for high-yielding fruit vegetables such as tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). Tomatoes have different nutrient requirements at different stages of development, especially for N, K, Ca, Mg, and P. This information is also directly available in our fertilizer ca...
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Standard nutrient solutions: Hewitt's Table 30A

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The most common solutions for plant nutrition and plant tissue cultivation today are the formulations from Hoagland / Arnon (1938, 1950) and Murashige / Skoog (1962). Hoagland and Arnon's basic formulas are replicated in liquid form by many manufacturers and sold as fertilizers to plant breeders, farmers, and consumers. Even the names Hoagland, Knop, Murashige, and Skoog are used as trademarks. Examples include Hoagland's No. 2 Basal Salt Mixture and Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture. Hoagl...
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Quinoa (Sprouts)

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Facts about Quinoa The taste: Nutty, fresh germination: 1 day Growth until harvest: 1 to 3 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 30 minutes Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Not necessary, dark germs Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to 3 tim...
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Millet (Sprouts)

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Facts about Millet The taste: Mild, sweet Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 21°C irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to 3 times a da...
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Brown Rice (Sprouts)

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Facts about Brown Rice The taste Mild, nutty Germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 2 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements moderate - moderate eater pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size up to 2 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds for 4 to 24 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light indirect light Germination temperature 21°C Irrigation - Flood and drain...
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Red Cabbage (Sprouts)

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Facts about Red Cabbage The taste: Mild, nutty, light, fresh germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 7 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.5 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 2.5 - 3.0 suitable fish Size: up to 6 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C Irr...
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Borage (Sprouts)

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Facts about Borage The taste light cucumber flavor germination 1 to 3 days Growth until harvest 5 to 10 days Nitrogen requirements low - weak eater pH range 5.5 - 6.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.4 - 2.2 suitable fish Size up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds for 12 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light indirect light Germination temperature 21°C Irrigation - Flood and drain 2 to 3 ti...
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Basil (Sprouts)

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Facts about Basil The taste mild basil taste Germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 4 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements high - heavy feeder pH range 5.5 - 6.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.0 - 1.6 suitable fish Size up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds not necessary Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light not necessary Germination temperature 23°C Irrigation - Flood and drain 2 to 3 times ...
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Corn (Sprouts)

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Facts about Corn The taste: Sweet, sugary Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 3 to 5 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.6 - 2.2 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C irrigation: - Flood and drain twice a day...
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Sunflower (Sprouts)

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Facts about Sunflower The taste: sweet, like sunflower seeds Germination: 1 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.6 - 2.2 suitable fish Size: 5 to 7 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: little indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood ...
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Chicory (Sprouts)

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Facts about Chicory The taste: slightly tart and nutty Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 6 to 18 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 5.5 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.5 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light from the second day Germination temperature: 20°C Irri...
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Komatsuna (Sprouts)

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Facts about Komatsuna The taste: Mild, light like mustard Germination: 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.5 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and dr...
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Example: Calculation of moles and grams of boron in boric acid

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1. Molar mass of boric acid (H₃BO₃) Hydrogen (H):3×1,008=3,024 g/mol Boron (B):1×10.81=10.81 g/mol Oxygen (O):3×16.00=48.00 g/mol In total: 3,024+10.81+48.00=61,834 g/mol 2. Amount of boric acid in 1 gram n H3BO3 = 1 g 61.834 g/mol ≈ 0.01617 mol 3. Amount of boron (B) 1 molecule of H₃BO₃ contains 1 boron atom: nB = n H3BO3 = 0.01617 mol 4. Concentration in mol/liter 0.0162 mol/L boron (B)(when dissolving 1 g of H₃BO₃ in 1 liter) Calculation of the mass of boron (B) in boric acid (H₃BO₃) 1. Amo...
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PPM ⇄ mol/L ⇄ g/L ⇄ %

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? Fertilizer Salt Concentration Calculator Calculates nutrient concentrations based on added fertilizer salt amount ✍️ Enter Formula ? Select from List Pay attention to uppercase and lowercase letters in the chemical formula. Mo2 is not MO2. Hydration · can be entered as .: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O = (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O ? Examples: KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, Fe2(SO4)3, KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O ? Copy & Paste with subscript characters also works: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O Select fertilizer salt:-- Please select -- Amou...
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Borate species in aqueous solution

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The term borate species refers to the various chemical forms (species) in which boron can exist in a solution. The form depends strongly on the pH value . Important borate species 1. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) – undissociated, neutral Predominant at pH < 7 Acts as a weak Lewis acid Exists mainly as uncharged molecules Reaction in water: H3 BO3 + H2O ↔ [B(OH4)]⁻ + H⁺ 2. Tetrahydroxoborate ion ([B(OH)₄]⁻) – anionic Predominant at pH > 9 Formed by the reaction of boric acid with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) Impo...
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Titanium, quantitative analysis

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Quantitative Analyse von Titan Titanium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the titanium(IV) ion (TiO₂⁺) or as a titanyl complex (TiO²⁺) . It may be essential, but traces of Ti 3+ are so ubiquitous that its addition is rarely justified. At 5 ppm, beneficial growth effects are quite remarkable in some crops, e.g., pineapple and peas. A variable micronutrient. There are various methods for determining titanium: Spectrophotometry with peroxo complexes: formation of a yellow titanyl peroxide c...
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ppm to moles

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Umrechnung: 100 ppm NO₃⁻ in mol/L Example : Conversion: 100 ppmNO3−in mol/L Given : 100 ppmNO3−= 100 mg/L 1. Molar mass ofNO3− Nitrogen (N): 14.01 g/mol Oxygen (O): 3 × 16.00 = 48.00 g/mol Total: 62.01 g/mol 2. Conversion to mol/L Calculation: c = 100 mg 62.01 g/mol = 0.100 g/L 62.01 g/mol ≈ 0.00161 mol/L Result 100 ppmNO3−≈ 1.61 mmol/L Sources Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura – General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications , 10th Edition PubChem – Nitrates (NO₃⁻) Example: ...
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No acid-base reaction

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Context: The fertilizer calculation program and its results regarding the calculated pH value. What the program does not do: No dynamic chemical equilibrium (no pKa model) No exact activity calculation No EC/buffering influences The program currently calculates the pH purely from the net charge of the ion balance , especially from OH⁻ excesses , but: A real nutrient solution such as Steiner's solution has a complex buffering effect and cannot be calculated solely by the cation/anion balance . Th...
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EDTA Titration Principle

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EDTA titrations have wide applications in inorganic analysis due to its strong complexing effect and commercial availability.5 However, due to the polyprotic nature of EDTA, pH affects the forms present in the solution, and auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides and maintain the concentration of free metal ions. Direct Titration: Involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoin...
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Sodium, quantitative analysis

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Quantitative Analyse von Natrium Sodium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the sodium ion (Na⁺) . Na + can partially replace K + in some plant functions, but K + is still an essential nutrient. There are different methods for determining sodium: Flame photometry: A fast and precise method for the quantitative determination of sodium. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): Highly precise determination at very low concentrations. Precipitation titration with aluminum oxinate: A chemical meth...
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Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt

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Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt Xylenol orange contains one sulfonic acid, four carboxyl groups, two amino groups, and two hydroxy groups, each of which can be protonated or deprotonated. At pH ≈ 4.5, xylenol orange exists in a lemon-yellow form. In this form, xylenol orange forms a weak red to red-violet complex with some polyvalent metal ions, which is destroyed by the addition of a stronger complexing agent such as EDTA. Use : As an indicator in titration. Typical concentration: 1 ml / 100 ml...
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Expected in the analysis

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In hydroponics, the following substances and compounds are present in the nutrient solution (liquid fertilizer). To estimate the amount you need to monitor, whether through titration, test strips, or other analytical methods, here's an overview of the concentrations you should expect in the analysis: An overview of the analysis techniques and further details can be found here . Measurement / Magnitude K potassium 0.5 - 10 mmol/L Ca calcium 0.2 - 5 mmol/L S sulfur 0.2 - 5 mmol/L P phosphorus 0.1 ...
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An Investment for the Future ★

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation A 'plant' for the future Fresh vegetables & fish – directly from you.Fully automatic, sustainable & efficient. Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? → ‹ › Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? Sustainable Up to 90% less water consumption compared to field cultivation. Efficiently High yields in a small area– regardless of weather & soil. Freshly You harvest healthy food every daydirectl...
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Yield and savings calculator

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation ? Aquaponics/Hydroponics Calculator Calculate your estimated yields and break-even point for your system project ? System Parameters Choose system type: ? Hydroponics Only ? Aquaponics (Plants + Fish) Growing Area (m²) Plant area Tank Volume (m³) Fish tank Main CropLettuce/Herbs (30-35 kg/m²)Tomatoes/Cucumbers/Peppers (50-70 kg/m²) Investment Costs (€) One-time ? Market ...
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Thank you for your interest

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Thank you for your interest, we will get back to you as soon as possible. If you don't want to wait, you can reach us during normal business hours at the following numbers: Switzerland: 0041-79-58 35 913 Portugal: 00351-966-06 30 50 Kind regards Borgmann Aquaponics Hydroponics
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Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics

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The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics As consultants in the field of hydroponics and aquaponics, our role is versatile, and our tasks can vary depending on your needs and the goals of your company. We offer you support in the following aspects: Technical Expertise In-depth knowledge of hydroponic and aquaponic systems Consultation on planning, installation, and maintenance of systems Advice on nutrient solutions, fish specie...
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Our services

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The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Comprehensive Solutions from Borgmann Aquaponics and Hydroponics We offer you a holistic range of services, spanning from expert consultation and innovative technology to in-depth technical knowledge. From the initial conception phase to turnkey realization, you receive complete planning and implementation of your system from us – all conveniently and efficiently from a single source. Transformation into the 21st Century The shift fro...
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And this is how it works

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Your path to a successful aquaponics or hydroponics system – step by step to your goal: Setting up an aquaponics or hydroponics system is an investment in the future – ecologically, sustainably, and economically sensible. Regardless of size, this technology offers enormous opportunities for both end consumers with some space in their garden (from 5 square meters) and farmers with several hectares of land to grow food in a water-saving and environmentally friendly way. To ensure that your project...
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Resource efficiency

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Resource Efficiency Comparison Water, Energy & Land Requirements: Aquaponics vs. Traditional Agriculture Scientifically-based analysis of resource consumption – with surprising results showing where aquaponics excels and where challenges remain. The Great Resource Comparison When it comes to sustainable agriculture, numbers are decisive. Aquaponics is often praised as a ...
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Studies & Sources

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Studies & Sources Scientifically-based Data & Analysis on Aquaponics A systematic overview of the current research landscape – from peer-reviewed studies to practical applications. ? The Current Research Landscape Aquaponics research is experiencing unprecedented growth. What once was considered niche technology is now the focus of international research institutions and...
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Technology for the future

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Customized solutions for maximum productivity Our solutions are designed precisely to meet your needs. Unique in their design and standardized in their implementation. They are based on tried-and-tested technology from industry and IT. Thanks to our transparency in implementation, you also avoid being dependent on a specific manufacturer for sensors or control modules (n...
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Find your suitable system — initial assessment

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Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Find Your Suitable System — Initial Assessment 3–5 brief details are sufficient. The estimate is rough and does not replace a quote. Application AreaPlease select...PrivateGastronomyEducationCommercial Desired Growing Area (m²) Your Main GoalPlease select...Self-sufficiencyPresentation / TeachingGastronomy SupplyCommercial Production Fish StockNo (Hydroponics only)Yes (A...
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Root Zone Temperature

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Root Zone Temperature Scientific Foundations and Documented Impacts on Hydro- and Aquaponics Systems The Neglected Parameter While pH values and nutrient concentrations in hydro- and aquaponics systems are routinely monitored, root zone temperature often remains overlooked. However, current peer-reviewed studies clearly show measurable impacts on growth, yield, and plant health. Common Measurement Error Root zone temperature can significantly deviate from the measured air temperature - especiall...
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pH and Ec: Fruit, Vegetables, Herbs

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First of all: the values described in the following table should be treated with caution. Of course, even within the same order, down to the genus, the differences are enormous. What a healthy tomato produces in an allotment garden can show serious deficiency symptoms in a hydroponic system with the same pH and optimal Ec value - and vice versa. There is no way around testing and closely observing the plant depending on the chosen nutrient composition. The pH and EC values are the most impor...
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Toxicity dose term LC50 LD50

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What does LD 50 / LC 50 mean? LD stands for "Lethal Dose". LD 50 is the amount of a substance given at once that causes death in 50% (half) of a group of test animals. The LD 50 is a way of measuring the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of a material. Toxicologists can use many types of animals, but most commonly tests are performed with rats and mice. It is usually expressed as the amount of chemical administered (e.g. milligrams) per 100 grams (for smaller animals) or per kilogr...
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Solanine (en)

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Solanine, more precisely α-Solanine, is a slightly toxic chemical compound that is mainly found in nightshade plants such as potatoes and tomatoes. Chemically, solanine is the saponine of the steroid alkaloid solanidine with the trisaccharide solatriose, which consists of glucose, galactose and rhamnose. Solanine was first isolated from the berries of the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in 1820 by the French pharmacist Desfosses, after whom it was named. It is also incorrectly called “Tomatine...
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Chelated Micronutrients and their Benefits

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N (CH2CO2H)2]2 . This white, water-insoluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+ ) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH. It is therefore used to dissolve the Fe- and Ca-containing scale and to release iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA , sodium...
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Biofilter: Biofilm

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Biofilms consist of a mucous layer (a film) in which mixed populations[1] of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa) in concentrations of 1012 cells per milliliter of biofilm[1] and of multicellular organisms[1] such as Rotifers, nematodes, mites, bristles or insect larvae that feed on the microorganisms are embedded. In everyday life, they are often perceived as a slippery, soft-feeling, water-containing layer of mucus or coating. Other colloquial names are growth, Kahmhaut or Si...
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Cultivation problems

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The plants are grown before aquaponics or hydroponics. Here are some tips from regular horticulture. Cultivating plants is not that difficult. Nevertheless, various mistakes are made, especially for beginners, which is why the cultivation is not satisfactory. Of course, this is bad for your wallet because some types of seeds are quite expensive, and it is also bad for the psyche if the little baby plants do not sprout as previously hoped. Possible consequences are that the desire for your own cu...
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Climate Zone

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Climate Zone As a guide for the temperatures at which the hydroponic part cannot be heated (greenhouse) or operated outside, the temperature ranges for all plants are given in the specialist literature. Usually you only differentiate between hardy or not. According to the vegetation cycles, this also results in an optimal time for setting the respective plant. There is one for this genetic climate classification, that provides this geographic location information. We use the standardized USDA sc...
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Biofilter: setting up and running in

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Retract and activate the biofilter The problem There is a fundamental problem with biofilters in aquaponics: If you put fish in a new system, there are no bacterial carpets on the substrate that can clean the water of ammonia (from the fish's excretions). Without this cleaning, the fish poison themselves after a while. But without fish, bacteria do not form because they cannot find food (ammonia) in the clean water. The solution Before fish are introduced into the system, ammonia is added in a...
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Phasin

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Phasin is a lectin mixture that is found in raw vegetables, especially common beans. Phasin is toxic to humans because it causes red blood cells to stick together. Above a certain dose, consumption leads to vomiting, diarrhea and stomach and intestinal problems. In the worst case, consumption can be fatal; in some cases, just a handful of raw beans was enough to cause death. In particularly phasin-rich species such as B. red kidney beans, just 4 or 5 raw seeds are enough to cause symptoms in ad...
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USA Tax

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What is the US Sales Tax or Value Added Tax? First of all, it is important to know that there is no common sales tax or value added tax (VAT for entrepreneurs) in the USA but that each of the individual 50 states sets its own tax rates. This means that examining is confusing and complicated at first. In addition, there is the local VAT which most cities and municipalities charge in addition. In some cases the tax rates also change depending on the season or the needs of some municipalities and ...
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Show all Cookies

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Klicken Sie hier um alle Cookies an zu zeigen:
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Terms of use

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Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use (1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which can be accessed on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/. This is a platform on which Users can create profiles. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can call up and print out the currently valid Terms of Use with this document. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account (...
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Legal notice

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Company: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, UID: CHE-312.034.071 Corporate address: Helmer Borgmann Schumacherweg 19 8046 Zürich, Schweiz Managing Director and responsible for all content: Helmer Borgmann Disclaimer 1. limitation of liabilityThe contents of this website have been prepared with the greatest possible care and to the best of our knowledge. Nevertheless, the provider of this website accepts no responsibility for the topicality, completeness and correctness o...
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GTC B2B

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General Terms and Conditions of Sale (GTC) for commercial transactions (Seller and buyer are entrepreneurs) Version: January 31, 2025 General Terms of Sale (Only the german version is binding) All prices in our virtual store are in euros. The approximate value in other currencies is for guidance only. We reserve the right to correct any printing errors in the virtual store. We thank you for your order, which we accept exclusively under the following delivery and payment terms. Please note the ...
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Terms of use

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Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use(1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which is available on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/ can be called up. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can access and print out the currently valid terms of use this page. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account(1) By completing the online registration process and cr...
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GDPR

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data protection 1. General 1.1 What are personal data 1.2 Handling of personal data 1.3 Usage data 1.4 Registration data 1.5 Duration of storage 1.6 Analysis tools and third-party tools 2. Your rights 2.1 Information 2.2 Right to rectification 2.3 Right to erasure 2.4 Right to restriction of processing 2.5 Right to data portability 2.6 Right of withdrawal 2.7 General and right of appeal 3. Data security 3.1 Data security 3.2 Sessions and Cookies 3.3 Data protection declaration for the use of the...
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Revocation form

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Your legal basis Annex 2 to Article 246a § 1 paragraph 2 sentence 1 number 1 and § 2 paragraph 2 number 2 of the Introductory Act to the German Civil Code (EGBGB) Annex 2 amended mWv 13.6.2014 by G v. 20.9.2013 (BGBl. I p. 3642); amended with effect from 28.5.2022 by Act of 10.8.2021 (BGBl. I p. 3483).Sample cancellation form If you wish to revoke a contract, please fill out this form and send it to the following address:Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, Schumacherweg 19, CH-8046 ZürichReceiver: Bo...
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Image copyrights

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All images, unless marked, are the property of our company. All other images are copyrighted according to the following evidence. List of copyrights Klimazonen: WHZ-Europa-small.gif, WHZ-Europa-big.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-small.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif Trickle_Filter_Cross-section.png A schematic cross-section of the contac...
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Right of withdrawal

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Right of withdrawal You have the right to cancel a contract concluded with us within fourteen days without giving reasons. The cancellation period is 54 weeks from the day the contract is concluded. In order to exercise your right of withdrawal, you must inform us (Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, Schumacherweg 19, CH-80469 Zurich) of your decision to withdraw from this contract by means of a clear statement (e.g. a letter sent by post or an email). You can reach us by phone at 0041-79-5835913. I...
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Procurement of seeds

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From the Swallowtail Garden Seeds collectionof botanical photographs and illustrations How and where can you get good quality seeds? Seeds can be purchased from various retailers. Since efficiency is what matters most in an aquaponics/hydroponic system, it is advantageous to use seeds of tested quality. For European retailers, the organic seal with information about the leading control body is informative. And: don't buy hybrid seeds! These are not self-propagating. This means that you cannot ...
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Amaranth (Microgreens)

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Facts about Amaranth The taste: Sweet. mild, similar to mustard Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 10 - 15 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 5.5 - 7 matching plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: 7cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 12 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature...
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Dandelion (Microgreens)

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Facts about Dandelion The taste: Slightly bitter, earthy Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 12 - 25 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: 5cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 10 hours of exposure from germination Germination temperature:...
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Hemp (Microgreens)

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Facts about Hemp The taste: Mild, nutty Germination: 12 days Growth until harvest: 7 - 10 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: 4 to 6 hours Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: 12 hours of exposure per day, light at a distance of 60 cm above the plants Germination...
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Broccoli (Microgreens)

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Facts about Broccoli The taste: Spicy, piquant, light cabbage taste Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 7 - 14 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 2.8 - 3.5 suitable fish Size: 2.5 - 7.6 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: 16 - 18 hours of exposure per day Germination tem...
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Dill (Microgreens)

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Facts - Dill The taste: Spicy, aromatic, grassy Germination: 4 - 5 days (less if soaked) Growth until harvest: 12 - 15 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.5 - 6.4 matching plants Ec - area: 1.0 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 12.5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: recommended for 4 hours Soak the medium: optional Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: 12 to 14 hours of exposure per day Germination tempe...
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Anise (Microgreens)

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Facts about Anise The taste: Mild, sweet, similar to licorice Germination: 7 - 10 days Growth until harvest: 17 - 20 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 6.4 matching plants Ec - area: 0.9 - 1.4 suitable fish Size: 7cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 12 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: at lea...
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Buckwheat (Microgreens)

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Facts about Buckwheat The taste: Slightly sour, like salad Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 7 - 9 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: 7cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: 12 hours Soak the medium: Recommended Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 12 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: at least 21°C Irrig...
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Asparagus (Microgreens)

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Facts The taste Mild, slightly bittersweet, delicate Germination 2 - 5 days Growth until harvest 20 - 24 days Nitrogen requirements high - heavy feeder pH range 5.8 - 6.3 matching plants Ec - area 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size up to 15 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds For 4 to 8 hours Soak the medium not necessary Growth medium - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light at least 12 hours of exposure per day fromgermination Germination temperatu...
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Wheatgrass (Microgreens)

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Facts about Wheatgrass The taste Strong, sweet Germination 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest 10 - 14 days Nitrogen requirements low - weak eater pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size ~ 8 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds soak for 24 hours Soak the medium optional Growth medium - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light at least 6 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature 21 - 23°C Irrigation - Flood and...
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USB failing after several hours - xhci_hcd 0000:01:00.0: Ring expansion failed #5088

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USB failing after several hours - xhci_hcd 0000:01:00.0: Ring expansion failed #5088 Quelle: https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/issues/5088 Describe the bug Hi, I was hoping someone here may be able to help me. I've been using a disk image (Buster) that was working fine with RPI4 R1.4 However since the RPI4 R1.5's have started to filter through I've had to update the system to get the disk image to start up.This seems to have caused an issue with my USB FTDI serial adapter dropping off between...
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ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Wasserstandsregler

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Aus dem Artikel zu: Intelligente Bewässerung & Nährstoffdosierung: Automatisierung leicht gemacht // Vereinfachtes Arduino/ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Wasserstandsregler const int waterLevelPin = 2; // Digitaler Eingang für Schwimmerschalter const int pumpRelayPin = 4; // Digitaler Ausgang für Relais unsigned long pumpStartTime = 0; const long maxPumpRunTime = 60000; // 60 Sekunden max. Laufzeit (ms) void setup() { pinMode(waterLevelPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // Schwimmerschalter mit Pullup pinMode(pumpRel...
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ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Ebb-and-Flow Pumpe

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Aus dem Artikel zu: Intelligente Bewässerung & Nährstoffdosierung: Automatisierung leicht gemacht // Vereinfachtes Arduino/ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Ebb-and-Flow Pumpe const int pumpRelayPin = 4; const long floodDuration = 10 * 60 * 1000; // 10 Minuten Fluten (ms) const long ebbDuration = 50 * 60 * 1000; // 50 Minuten Ebbe (ms) long lastPumpToggleTime = 0; bool isFlooding = false; void setup() { pinMode(pumpRelayPin, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pumpRelayPin, HIGH); // Pumpe AUS starten Serial.begin(1152...
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MidnightCommander & Ranger Hotkeys (UNIX/Linux)

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Hotkeys Midnight Commander Project & Download: https://midnight-commander.org/ Picture from: https://www.linuxhelp.com/how-to-install-midnight-commander-in-linux Ctrl and Shift mean the same keyboard keys, Meta is metakey, on PC it's Alt or single Esc press. F3 Begin of text selection. Second press - end of text selection Shift+F3 Begin of block text selection F5 Copy text selection F6 Move text selection F8 Delete text selection Meta+i Go to previous bookmark Meta+j Go to next bookm...
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Dateinamen-Checker für Multi-System-Kompatibilität

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Haftungsausschluss Die Nutzung dieser Software erfolgt auf eigene Gefahr. Der Anbieter übernimmt keine Haftung für Schäden, die direkt oder indirekt durch die Verwendung der Software entstehen, einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf Datenverlust, Systemausfälle oder wirtschaftliche Schäden. Die Software wird „wie sie ist“ bereitgestellt, ohne jegliche Gewährleistung oder Garantie, weder ausdrücklich noch stillschweigend, einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf die Garantie der Marktgängigke...
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ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Temperatur/Feuchtigkeitsregler mit BME280

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Aus dem Artikel zu: Überwachung und Steuerung der Umgebung: Temperatur, Luftfeuchte und CO2 // Vereinfachtes Arduino/ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Temperatur/Feuchtigkeitsregler mit BME280 #include <wire.h> #include <adafruit_sensor.h> #include <adafruit_bme280.h> // Bibliothek für BME280 Sensor #define SEALEVELPRESSURE_HPA (1013.25) // Standard Atmosphärendruck Adafruit_BME280 bme; // I2C const int exhaustFanRelayPin = 18; // Abluftventilator const int heaterRelayPin = 19; // Heizmatte const float te...
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ESP32 Code-Beispiel für CO2-Regelung mit MH-Z19B (UART)

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Aus dem Artikel zu: Überwachung und Steuerung der Umgebung: Temperatur, Luftfeuchte und CO2 // Vereinfachtes Arduino/ESP32 Code-Beispiel für CO2-Regelung mit MH-Z19B (UART) // Benötigt SoftwareSerial für Arduino oder die Hardware-UART des ESP32 // Beispiel für ESP32 HardwareSerial: #define MHZ19B_RX_PIN 16 // GPIO, der an TX des MH-Z19B geht #define MHZ19B_TX_PIN 17 // GPIO, der an RX des MH-Z19B geht HardwareSerial SerialMHZ(1); // Verwende Serial1 auf ESP32 const int co2ValveRelayPin = 21; // ...
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ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Sonnenaufgang/Sonnenuntergang

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Aus dem Artikel zu: Lichtsteuerung im smarten Gewächshaus: Energieeffizienz und Wachstum // Vereinfachtes Arduino/ESP32 Code-Beispiel für Sonnenaufgang/Sonnenuntergang const int warmWhitePin = 13; // PWM-Pin für Warmweiß-LED const int redLedPin = 12; // PWM-Pin für Rot-LED const int blueLedPin = 14; // PWM-Pin für Blau-LED const int sunriseDuration = 30 * 60 * 1000; // 30 Minuten (ms) const int sunsetDuration = 30 * 60 * 1000; // 30 Minuten (ms) const int dayDuration = 12 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 12...
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Planting recommendations

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Album Vilmorin. The vegetable garden 1850-1895. Public Domain This article will show which plants can be cultivated in an aquaponic system. Before going into detail about the individual plants, however, it is important to understand which systems exist in the world of aquaponicsc, as some plants work better in system A than in system B, for example. Still others, on the other hand, have proven themselves in system B. This alone makes it clear that there is no such thing as the best system or the...
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Foreword to Plants in Aquaponics & Hydroponics

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The selection of plants plays a central role in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Typical plant species are fast-growing vegetables such as lettuce, herbs and tomatoes. These plants are particularly suitable due to their short growth cycles and high yields. Selecting the right plants can significantly increase the efficiency and productivity of the systems. Technical manageability The technical requirements of hydroponic and aquaponic systems vary depending on their size and complexity. System...
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Asparagus (Soil)

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Recommendation Planting distance 25 cm / row spacing 1.20 m Root length 15 cm Plant height 0 cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) Sand or clay Nutrient requirements total Nutrient dosage (NPK) pH range 6.0 - 6.8 suitable plants Ec - area Climate zone (USDA) 7 ~ 10 Growth in frost no Temperature damage no Frost resistance Yes Days until germination 7 - 21 Days until harvest 360 + (60) only from the second to third year Gr...
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Plants in Hydroponics

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Due to their design, not all plants are suitable for cultivation in aquaponics and hydroponic systems. Here is an, always incomplete, overview of suitable plants. Here you can find empirical values on pH and EC values for plants, herbs and vegetables. The division between fruits, vegetables and herbs is not a biological one. It also varies from culture to culture. Fruits and vegetables are not generic terms for specific plant species. A clear definition is difficult. Could you say that fru...
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Tomato (Hydroponics)

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Recommendation Planting spacing: 3 plants per meter Root length: 30 - 50 cm Plant height: > 100 cm Sun: full sun Lighting: 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation): Humus Total nutrient requirement: high Nutrient dosage (NPK): 5-10-10 to 5-10-5 pH range: 5.5 - 6.5 matching plants Ec range: 1.5 - 2.5 matching fish Climate zone (USDA): 3 - 10 Growth in frost: no Temperature damage from: < 5 °C Frost resistance: no Days to germination: 14 - 40 Days to harvest: 100 - 140 Vegetation period: Per...
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Tomatoes Guide values

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Fertilization of Tomatoes in Hydro- or Substrate Culture The following reference values are taken from a master's thesis at the University of Applied Sciences Südwestfalen. See link below. Fertilization of tomatoes in substrate cultures is often based on values given in mmol/l. To make them easier to understand, the reference values have also been converted to g/l. The following table provides an overview of the requirements for anions, cations, and trace elements for tomatoes. Examples of how t...
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Tabacco

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Recommendation Planting distance 60 cm Root length 80 cm Pflanzenhöhe 100 - 200 cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any Nutrient requirements total high Nutrient dosage (NPK) pH range 5.8 - 5.8 matching plants Ec - area Climate zones (USDA) 9a ~ 11b > 10 °C Growth in frost no Temperature damage < 1 °C Frost resistance no Days until germination 7 - 21 Days until harvest 90 - 120 Growing season 1 year Varieties commonly used...
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Amaranth (Hydroponics)

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Recommendation Planting spacing 50 cm Root length 50 cm Plant height 50 - 300 cm Sun full sun Lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any Total nutrient requirement high Nutrient dosage (NPK) 4-18-38 pH range 5.5 - 7.0 matching plants Ec range 0.8 - 1.6 matching fish Climate zone (USDA) 12a ~ > 8 °C Growth in frost no Temperature damage from < 4 °C Frost resistance no (variety caudatus: yes) Days to germination 7 Days to harvest 120 - 150 Vegetation...
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Strawberry (Hydroponics)

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Recommendation Planting spacing: up to 10 plants per meter Root length: 70 cm Plant height: 10 - 30 cm Sun: full sun Lighting: 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation): any Total nutrient requirement: high Nutrient dosage (NPK): 10-10-10 pH range: 5.5 - 6.5 matching plants Ec range: 0.8 - 1.8 matching fish Climate zone (USDA): 3 - 10 Growth in frost: no Temperature damage from: < 4 °C Frost resistance: no Days to germination: 14 - 40 Days to harvest: 100 - 140 Vegetation period: Perennial,...
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Hemp (Hydroponics)

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Recommendation Planting distance 75cm Root length 80cm Plant height 60 - 200cm Sun full sun lighting 12 - 16 hours Soil type (for soil cultivation) any, preferably black earth Nutrient requirements total very high Nutrient dosage (NPK) 20-20-40 pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 0.8 - 2.0 Climate zone (USDA) 12a ~ > 8°C Growth in frost no Temperature damage < 5°C Frost resistance no Days until germination 7 - 12 Days until harvest 90 - 120 growing se...
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