Fertilizer

  • - Planting recommendations

    Album Vilmorin. The vegetable garden 1850-1895
    Album Vilmorin. The vegetable garden 1850-1895. Public Domain

    This article will show which plants can be cultivated in an aquaponic system. Before going into detail about the individual plants, however, it is important to understand which systems exist in the world of aquaponicsc, as some plants work better in system A than in system B, for example. Still others, on the other hand, have proven themselves in system B. This alone makes it clear that there is no such thing as the best system or the one system, and that when setting up or planning the design, you should pay close attention to which plants the system should be suitable for.

    First of all, however, it can be said: theoretically, any plant can be cultivated in an aquaponic system. However, there are some exceptions where conventional methods work better. More on this later in the individual categories.  In this article you will find a list of experiences with individual plants.

     

    Salads and herbs
    Salads and herbs are probably the group of plants that work best in aquaponics. They are usually weak growers and are well taken care of in the aquaponic system. I have personally experienced lettuces that have grown strong, thick and robust with the help of aquaponics, so that biting into a single leaf felt like biting into a juicy piece of meat. Really crunchy.

    What's more, lettuces and herbs will grow in any system, whether standing in gravel (Steady Flow / Flood & Drain), in planters both on polystyrene or similar (DWC) or in PVC pipe (NFT).

     

    Recommended varieties:

    Any lettuces such as chard, spinach, lettuce, iceberg lettuce, endive, rocket, purslane and so on have proved successful as have herbs such as basil, parsley, thyme and oregano.

     

    Not recommended:

    Mint should be avoided in the aquaponic system because it is rampant. It loves humid locations and is like paradise in an aquaponic system. Should it have its own system in isolation, there should be no problems, but together with other plants it will have overgrown them in no time.

     

     

    Fruit vegetables
    Fruiting vegetables belong to the group of highly nutritious plants and are also very popular in the aquaponic system. However, it should be borne in mind that some fruit vegetables can grow very large. Sufficient space above and below should be provided accordingly.

    Tomato plants, for example, grow enormously. I have heard of cases where the tomato plant has grown over eight (8!) metres tall. For most people, this should represent a height that either does not fit into the desired space or makes any care of the plant an impossible task. Alternatively, cocktail tomatoes or vine tomatoes can be planted, which usually remain much smaller.

    Cucumbers and other squash plants grow very wide and quickly overgrow the entire space. Here, too, thought should be given in advance to whether this space is available.

    Furthermore, not every system is suitable for fruiting vegetables. Neither a DWC nor an NFT system is normally capable of supporting such large plants. Theoretically, this is also possible, but it would have to be readjusted regularly with supporting measures, for example with ropes or other suspensions.

     

    Recommended varieties:

    I would recommend smaller fruiting vegetables, such as chilli plants or peppers, for private households. Smaller tomato plants, such as cocktail tomatoes, are also possible.

     

    Not recommended:

    Any cucurbits, tomatoes and other plants that grow very large should only be cultivated with caution in an aquaponic system. Due to the high nutrient content in the water, enormous results can theoretically be achieved, but practically only if there is enough space.

     

    Root and tuberous plants
    Botanically not quite correct, but certainly acceptable for understanding: I count plants that develop edible parts underground as root and tuber plants, such as potatoes, carrots, beetroot, ginger, turmeric, parsnips and the like.

    Theoretically, it is also possible to cultivate these plants in an aquaponic system, but some prerequisites are necessary here.

    Soft tubers, like potatoes, should not be planted in the gravel bed (Steady Flow / Flood & Drain), as the tuber would form around the gravel. This could cause enormous toothache when eaten. Instead, for soft tubers, the Aeroponics method has proved successful.

    With harder tubers, such as ginger and turmeric, the gravel bed is again possible, as their strength gradually pushes the gravel away.

     

    Recommended varieties:

    Ginger and turmeric I can recommend at this point, but only if there is enough space.

     

    Not recommended:

    Potatoes, carrots and other plants with relatively soft tubers I can only recommend if the necessary conditions have been created - see Aeroponic.

     

    Leek plants
    Leeks include the edible onion, the winter onion, the spring onion, chives, garlic, leeks and many more. All of these grow excellently in the aquaponic system.

     

    Recommended varieties:

    Depending on personal taste, pick one or two from the list of leeks that can grow alongside. They are easy to care for and the upper parts of the plants can be harvested several times during the year.

     

    Not recommended:

    Although onions and other leeks go well with almost any dish, care should be taken not to grow too many.

     

    Exotics
    As described above, theoretically any plant can be cultivated in an aquaponic system, as long as the necessary conditions are met. There are cases where even the cultivation of a banana and papaya plant has been successful in a specially constructed aquaponic system.

     

     

    Summary:
    Theoretically, any plant can be cultivated
    Salads, herbs and allium plants grow particularly well and are easy to care for.
    In the case of fruiting vegetables, it should be considered in advance whether there is enough space and room for them to develop.
    Root and tuberous plants are only recommended under certain conditions.
    Give free rein to creativity and inventiveness

     

    ID: 130

  • Chelated Micronutrients and their Benefits

    Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  ( EDTA ), also called  EDTA acid,  is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N (CH2CO2H)2]2 . This white, water-insoluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+ ) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH.
     
    It is therefore used to dissolve the Fe- and Ca-containing scale and to release iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably  disodium EDTA , sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium EDTA, but these all function similarly.
    Chelat Formel 
    Gefahrenzeichen
    Nutrient solutions consist of many mineral elements, most of which are either positively or negatively charged. Some of these mineral elements react with each other (the term is called precipitation: calcium reacts with phosphates and sulfates), which requires separate storage and administration. As a result, these individual compounds are no longer available to the plant. In some cases, even precipitates (A precipitate is a precipitate that forms when a solute separates from a solution.) can be visible and look like a fine white powdery substance that floats in the water or settles at the bottom of the reservoir.
    When the mineral elements precipitate, they become insoluble in water. However, they must be water soluble before they can be used by the plants (i.e., “bound in the nutrient solution”). Hydroponic nutrients consist of both macroelements (nutrients that the plants need in large amounts) and microelements (nutrients that the plants need in small amounts). These microelements tend to combine easily with the other elements, especially under conditions of high pH and/or when there is a high concentration of minerals.
     

    What is a chelated micronutrient?
    The chelation process basically forms a protective shell around the respective mineral element and creates a neutral charge. This keeps them from bonding together and becoming trapped in the nutrient solution. When two molecules of the same type surround a particular mineral, it is called a chelate . However, some chelate molecules are shaped like a letter 'C' and surround the mineral with only one molecule. This type is called a 'complex'. 

     

    Types of Chelates
    The chelate molecules require a bond (a type of glue) to bind them to the desired mineral element. There are a few binding agents that can be used for this, each of which has a different effect on the plants. 

     

    EDTA
    One of the most common forms of chelates is  ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  (EDTA). Once the elements enter the plant, this very tight bond can become a problem. When absorbed by the plant, the EDTA can form bonds with other mineral elements. EDTA can help solve one mineral deficiency, but in some cases it can cause another. EDTA has even been known to take calcium directly from the cell walls of already formed plant tissue. This causes cellular damage to the plant. In cases where a significant amount of cellular damage has occurred due to calcium loss in this way, the plant cannot maintain enough water pressure ( keyword xylem ), which can make it look as if the plants are dying of thirst (wilting).

     

    Amino Acid Chelates
    Another type of chelate is the amino acid chelate. Amino acid chelates have a slightly less strong bond than EDTA chelates. Once the mineral is absorbed by the plant and released from the amino acid, the plant can use the leftover amino acid as a nitrogen source. Amino acid chelates are also often available for use in organic nutrient formulas and come in both liquid and dry forms.

     

    Glycine Chelates
    Another form of amino acid chelates are the glycine chelates. Just like regular amino acid chelates, once the glycine is separated from the mineral element in the plant tissue, the leftover glycine (amino acid) is used by the plant tissue. The glycine amino acids have an even smaller molecular size, so they are even more easily absorbed by the plants. This makes glycine chelates especially useful in foliar applications, as they pass through the plants leaf pores ( stomata ) more easily than other, larger molecular chelates.

     

    Summary
    Amino acid chelates are very safe for plants for both root uptake and foliar applications and only become toxic to the plant when severely overdosed. In general, however, care should be taken to avoid the toxic effects of EDTA chelates. Many experts advise against using chelated minerals that use sodium as a binding agent altogether. When looking for chelated minerals, it is best to look for ones that do not use sodium. These are readily available to the plants, ones that do not promote other deficiencies (like EDTA chelates), and ones that have organic certification.

    Kontext: 
    ID: 593

  • Cultivation problems

    The plants are grown before aquaponics or hydroponics. Here are some tips from regular horticulture.

    Cultivating plants is not that difficult. Nevertheless, various mistakes are made, especially for beginners, which is why the cultivation is not satisfactory. Of course, this is bad for your wallet because some types of seeds are quite expensive, and it is also bad for the psyche if the little baby plants do not sprout as previously hoped. Possible consequences are that the desire for your own cultivation is quickly lost and that early young plants (sometimes hybrid varieties) are used.

    So that this does not happen and the motivation for your own cultivation continues to flourish, we would like to show the 5 most common mistakes in cultivation and how they can be avoided with simple means.

     

    Too many nutrients

    Probably the most common mistake in growing is the choice of substrate in which the seeds should germinate. Usually for cost reasons, growing earth is dispensed with here and the commercially available potting soil is used instead. However, this potting soil is pre-fertilized and therefore full of nutrients.

    Neither the seeds nor the small seedlings need this nutrient boost. At this stage, they basically only need two factors: light and water.

    It is also helpful to have a solid but not pressed substrate in which the seedlings can form the first roots. This substrate should be free of nutrients or at least low in nutrients. So at least the commercial breeding earth.

    However, we did even better with Kokoshumus. This coconut is free of nutrients, has a mold-inhibiting effect and stores water much better than potting soil.

     

    Too little or too much water

    Both mistakes are often made – either too little or too much water. Either completely dry or the whole pot or container is under water. An almost constant wet environment is rarely created.

    After trying out several options for growing ( potting soil, growing soil, cotton wool, and much more. ), a method has gradually emerged with a clear lead in terms of yield technology.

    We use or recycle the plastic trays, which contain fresh fruit and vegetables in the supermarket. For example, arugula, spinach, but also strawberries and grapes are usually sold in these bowls. In most households, these bowls end up in the yellow sack, but with us they are collected and reused for cultivation. Advantage: They are available free of charge and they are transparent – so you can regularly check from the side how moist the substrate is.

    About two thirds of the coconut mentioned above is filled into these plastic trays. This Kokushumus stores the water particularly well. Pouring during germination is usually not necessary. Pour on once, plastic film over it, done. A biological microclimate is created inside using the plastic film.

    Critics will of course monetize the amount of plastic and / or coconut used, but from our point of view this variant is still recommended. All three components, both the humus and the bowls and the film, can be used again and again. Of course, this is not the 100 percent perfect and most environmentally friendly variant in the world, but compared to many other environmental sins that happen on this planet every day, this is a variant that can be reconciled with your own conscience.

     

    Too little light

    The third very popular mistake in growing is the lack of light that the freshly germinated plants urgently need. If this light is missing or not sufficiently available, a phenomenon can be observed that is referred to as a distribution.

    When it comes to fermentation, the plant does not grow properly, but forms an extremely long but thin shoot to get to the desired light. In rare exceptional cases, the plant later manages to recover, but usually a healed plant will die after a week or two at the latest.

    So it is extremely important to provide enough light as soon as the first seedlings are visible. We have the best experience with so-called growing lamps. Grow Lights) made over the plastic trays. While this puts a strain on your wallet as an initial investment, the plants will thank you.

    Unfortunately, the growing lamp that we would like to recommend is no longer available for purchase. As soon as we have another recommendation ready, it will be added here.

     

    Too cold

    An environment that is too warm or even hot is also a possible mistake, but rather rare.

    It is much more common that the cultivation takes place in a much too cold environment. With us, cultivation is generally carried out in the house or in a room that has relatively constant temperatures between 20 and 22 ° C. Few plants need it a little warmer or colder.

    If it is desired that the cultivation takes place in the greenhouse, then I recommend thinking about methods to warm the greenhouse and keep the temperatures constant. In Germany, temperatures can still drop below freezing at night in May. Sometimes shining sunshine during the day, but still shivering at night. In any case, it is generally important to wait for the so-called “ Ice Saints ” to put young plants outside.

     

    Sown too tight

    If you have not prepared the young plants individually but plan to spicy them with the appropriate development, you should remember not to make the sowing too narrow. Although it is sometimes a real effort to distribute the small seeds individually, care should still be taken.

    The young plants need space to develop, need light, which they may take away from each other if they sow too closely, and at the latest when they spike, it takes revenge when knotted roots tear off.

    We recommend a distance of at least two centimeters from the respective seed when sowing. Of course, this does not have to be measured exactly with the linear, but if you keep about a thumb width, you are on the safe side. This method can also be used to wonderfully count which seeds are actually germinated and thus calculate the germination rate.

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    ID: 422 

  • Fertiliser

    1884 Standard Fertilizer Companys Food for Plants

    Fertiliser programmes

    First of all: If you receive a fertiliser recommendation without having explained exactly which plants you are growing, you can safely ignore such recommendations. There are not hundreds of fertiliser types because there is one answer.
     
    Each plant species has individual nutrient requirements that also differ according to the growth phase it is in. Furthermore, indiscriminate fertilising, over-fertilising, under-fertilising, wrong composition etc. can have devastating consequences for many plants, ranging from undersupply to specific plant diseases. In order to achieve the best nutrient mixture for a specific plant, there is no getting around an analysis of the plant itself. For cost reasons alone, we recommend preparing the nutrient composition yourself.
     

     

    Mixing hydroponic fertiliser yourself ?

    The commercially available fertilisers consist of a complete fertiliser supplemented with macronutrients. They are offered by some hydroponics and/or fertiliser companies and vary depending on the hydroponic plant. An example of a fertiliser programme is the hydroponic tomato programme offered by Hydro-Gardens.

    In this programme, growers purchase Hydro-Gardens Chem-Gro tomato formula. It has a composition of 4-18-38 and also contains magnesium and micronutrients. To make a nutrient solution, it is supplemented with calcium nitrate and magnesium sulphate, depending on the variety and/or growth stage of the plant.

     

    Advantages of fertiliser programmes

    Programmes like these are easy to use. Minimal ordering of fertilisers is required (only 3 in the Hydro-Gardens example).
    Very little or no mathematical calculations are required to prepare nutrient solutions.
     

    Disadvantages of fertiliser programmes

    Fertiliser programmes do not allow for easy adjustments of individual nutrients. For example, if the leaf analysis shows that more phosphorus is needed. When using a fertiliser programme exclusively, it is not possible to simply add phosphorus.
    Another disadvantage is that fertiliser programmes do not allow farmers to take into account the nutrients already present in the water source. For example, if a water source has a potassium content of 30 ppm, there is no way to adjust the amount of potassium added in the fertiliser programme. And too much potassium can in turn block the uptake of other nutrients.

     


     

    Fertilizer programs can be more expensive than using
    Recipes for the production of nutrient solutions.

     

    Mix recipes for nutrient solutions / hydroponics fertilizer yourself

    There are also recipes for the production of nutrient solutions. The recipes contain a certain amount of each nutrient to be added to the nutrient solution. They are specifically available for a specific crop and in a variety of sources, e.g. B. at the university advice centers, on the Internet and in specialist journals. One example is the modified Sonovelds solution for herbs (Mattson and Peters, Insidegrower) shown below.
     

     

    Modified Sonneveld recipe / herbs

    element concentration
     Nitrogen 150 ppm 
     Phosphorus  31 ppm
     Potassium  210 ppm
     Calcium 90 ppm 
     Magnesium  24 ppm
     Iron  1 ppm
     Manganese  0.25 ppm
     Zinc  0.13 ppm
     copper 0.023 ppm
     Molybdenum 0.024 ppm
     Boron 0.16 ppm

     

    It is at the discretion of the breeder which fertilizers he uses to produce a nutrient solution according to a recipe. The fertilizers commonly used include:

    fertilizerDosage, contained nutrients
     Calcium nitrate 15.5 – 0 – 0.19% calcium
     Ammonium nitrate 34 – 0 – 0
     Potassium nitrate 13 – 0 – 44
     Sequestrene 330TM 10% iron
     Potassium phosphate monobasic 0 – 52 – 34
     Magnesium sulfate 9.1% magnesium
     Borax (laundry quality) 11% boron
     Sodium molybdate 39% molybdenum
     Zinc sulfate 35.5% zinc
     Copper sulfate 25% copper
     Magnesium sulfate 31% manganese
    Farmers calculate the amount of fertilizer in the
    nutrient solution based on the amount of a nutrient
    in the fertilizer and in amount specified in the recipe.

     

    Advantages of nutrient solution recipes

    Nutritional solutions allow fertilizers to be adjusted based on the nutrients contained in water sources. An example: A gardener uses a water source with 30 ppm potassium and produces the modified Sonneveld solution for herbs that requires 210 ppm potassium. It would have to add 180 ppm potassium ( 210 ppm - 30 ppm = 180 ppm ) to the water in order to obtain the amount of potassium required in this recipe.
    With recipes, nutrients can be easily adjusted. When a leaf analysis report indicates that a plant has iron deficiency. It is easy to add more iron to the nutrient solution.
    Since recipes make it easy to adapt, fertilizers can be used more efficiently than in fertilizer programs. Using recipes can be less expensive than using fertilizer programs.


    Disadvantages of nutrient solution recipes

    It has to be calculated how much fertilizer has to be added to the nutrient solution. (Link to performing calculations). Some people may feel intimidated by the calculations involved. However, the calculations only require uncomplicated mathematical skills based on multiplication and division.
    A high-precision scale is also required for the measurement of micronutrients, since the required quantities are very small. Such a scale can be found on Amazon from 30.- €: e.g .: KUBEI 100g / 0.001g.

     

    This is about the calculation of nutrient solutions for your own needs

    Picture: Boston Public Library is licensed under CC BY 2.0

    Kontext: 

    ID: 415

    URL

  • Metrics of nutrients

    This shortened overview serves as an aid in estimating the magnitude of the analytical technology required when analyzing and controlling the nutrients with which the plants are fertilized.

    The quality of analysis in chemistry has already reached a level of precision that is unnecessary for our purposes of controlled fertilization. In order not to shoot at sparrows when selecting the various analysis methods and analysis devices, we have listed here a very shortened overview of the necessary accuracies that are sufficient for checking the individual additives. The technology used in the chosen analysis method has a major influence on the overall operating costs.

    In addition to checking the necessary substances, monitoring is also necessary to prevent over-fertilization. The nutrients produced by fish farming must not exceed a certain concentration, otherwise this will impair the optimal growth of the plants.

    There are now a very large number of analysis methods on the market, which differ greatly in both the technology used and the on-site application. This overview will help you, even without our advice , to obtain offers from different manufacturers that exactly meet your needs. Here is a random selection of manufacturers.

    Here you will find the essential compounds required for plant growth. Depending on the plant and/or growth phase, the form of administration, the chemical compound in which the desired “substance” is bound, can or must vary. In the previous cultivation method (in the soil), the microorganisms and fungi caused the necessary compounds to be broken down. Since no microorganisms take on this task in hydroponics, this is still a current area of ​​basic research.

    Compounds and trace elements / orders of magnitude in nutrient solutions

    K

    potassium

    0.5 - 10 mmol/L

    Approx

    calcium

    0.2 - 5 mmol/L

    S

    sulfur

    0.2 - 5 mmol/L

    P

    phosphorus

    0.1 - 2 mmol/L

    Mg

    magnesium

    0.1 - 2 mmol/L

    Fe

    iron

    2 - 50 µmol/L

    Cu

    copper

    0.5 - 10 µmol/L

    Zn

    zinc

    0.1 - 10 µmol/L

    Mn

    manganese

    0 - 10 µmol/L

    b

    boron

    0 - 0.01 ppm

    Mo

    molybdenum

    0 - 100 ppm

    NO2

    nitrite

    0 – 100 mg/L

    NO3

    nitrate

    0 – 100 mg/L

    NH4

    ammonia

    0.1 - 8 mg/L

    KNO3

    Potassium nitrate

    0 - 10 mmol/L

    Ca(NO3)2

    Calcium nitrate

    0 - 10 mmol/L

    NH4H2PO4

    Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

    0 - 10 mmol/L

    (NH4)2HPO4

    Diammonium hydrogen phosphate

    0 - 10 mmol/L

    MgSO4

    Magnesium sulfate

    0 - 10 mmol/L

    Fe-EDTA

    Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

    0 – 0.1 mmol/L

    H3BO3

    Boric acid

    0 – 0.01 mmol/L

    KCl

    Potassium chloride

    0 – 0.01 mmol/L

    MnSO4

    Manganese (II) sulfate

    0 – 0.001 mmol/L

    ZnSO4

    Zinc sulfate

    0 – 0.001 mmol/L

    FeSO4

    Iron(II) sulfate

    0 – 0.0001 mmol/L

    CuSO4

    Copper sulfate

    0 - 0.0002 mmol/L

    MoO3

    Molybdenum oxide

    0 – 0.0002 mmol/L
    When it comes to nutrient solutions, you will always find concentration information that is given either in mg/l, ppm or moles. Here is a little help on how these values ​​are converted into one another. You will often find measuring ranges given with a second citation form, for example nitrate as nitrate (NO 3 ) and as nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N).
     

    Conversion: Mol and PPM

    A technical definition of ppm

    What is ppm? And how can something called "parts per million" be represented by mg/L? Parts per million indicates the number of "parts" of something in a million "parts" of something else. The "part" can be any unit, but when mixing solutions, ppm usually represents units of weight. In this context, ppm indicates how many grams of a solute there are per million grams of solvent (e.g. water).

    1 g dissolved / 1,000,000 g solvent

    When dealing with water at room temperature, it is common to assume that the density of the water is equal to 1 g/ml. Therefore we can describe the relationship as follows:

    1 g dissolved in 1,000,000 ml of water

    Then we divide ml by 1000 ml:

    1 g dissolved in 1,000 L water

    By dividing both units by 1000, the ratio becomes:

    1 mg dissolved in 1 L water

    Therefore, one can say 1 mg in 1 L of water is the same as 1 mg in 1,000,000 mg of water, or 1 part per million (assuming both room temperature and an atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere).

     

    How do you convert ppm to moles?

    To convert ppm to molarity or molarity to ppm, you only need to know the molar mass of the dissolved element or molecule. Here is a periodic table for the molar masses (top left: the atomic weight).

    Take the molarity mol/L and multiply by its molar mass
    g/mol to get g/L. Multiply by 1000 again to convert grams to milligrams and you have mg/L for aqueous solutions.

     

    Example: Prepare a NaOH solution

    You have a stock solution of 1 molar NaOH. How do you go about creating a 1L solution of 200 ppm NaOH? NaOH has a molar mass of 39,997 g/mol.

    1. Convert 200 ppm to molarity.

    First let's assume 200 ppm = 200 mg/L. Then divide the result by 1000 and you get g/L:  200 mg/L divided by 1000 mg/g equals 0.2 g/L.

    Next, divide 0.2 g/L by the molar mass of NaOH (Na=22.9 O=16 H=1) to get the molarity: 0.2 g/L divided by 39,997 g/mol which is 0.005 mole /L.

    2. Calculate the dilution recipe.

    From step 1 we know the target molarity of 0.005 mol/L. To calculate the dilution we use the dilution equation:  m1⋅v1=m2⋅v2

    where:
    • m1— the concentration of the stock solution;
    • m2— the concentration of the diluted solution;
    • v1—the volume of the stock solution; and
    • v2 - The volume of the diluted solution

    We can enter the numbers for all variables except the volume of the stock solution:

    1 M ⋅ v1 = 0.005 M ⋅ 1 L


    By rearranging the equation, we find the required volume of the stock solution:
    v1 = 0.005 M / 1 M  ⋅ 1 L = 0.005 L

    Therefore we need to dilute 0.005 L (or 5 ml) stock solution to a final volume of
    1 L and so we get 200 ppm NaOH solution.

     

    How do I calculate ppm from volume concentration?

    How to get volume ppm:

    Take the molar concentration of the solutions in mol/L.
    Multiply it by the molar mass in g/mol.
    Divide it by the density of the solute in g/cm³.
    Multiply everything by 1000 mg/g.
    The resulting ppm volume unit is typically μL/L.

    You can find a slightly more detailed example here for both conversion directions:

    Convert moles to grams

    Convert grams to moles

    HowTos and measuring devices
     

    Additional information:

    https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasseranalyse  ( local copy )

    http://www.anwickele-geologie.geol.uni-erlangen.de/paramete.htm

    SI prefixes
    Surname Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega kilo Hecto Deca
    symbol Y Z E P T G M k H there
    factor 10 24 10 21 10 18 10 15 10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1
    Surname Yokto Zepto Atto Femto Piko Nano Micro Milli Centi Dec
    symbol y e.g a f p n µ m c d
    factor 10 −24 10 −21 10 −18 10 −15 10 −12 10 −9 10 −6 10 −3 10 −2 10 −1
     ID:  476

  • Moles in Concentration Specifications

    The molar volume 

    The molar volume of a substance is a substance-specific property that indicates the volume filled by one mole of a substance. For an ideal gas, one mole occupies a volume of 22.414 liters under normal conditions (273.15 K, 101325 Pa). For real gases, solids and liquids, however, the molar volume depends on the substance.
     

    Molar mass

    Molar mass M  is the quotient of the mass and the amount of a substance. In the unit g/mol it has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance in the unit u  (atomic mass unit). Its meaning is equivalent to the earlier “atomic weight” in chemistry. 
     
     

    Calculation of substance quantities 

    Formula: n = m / M

    Here n denotes  the amount of substance, m  the mass and M  the molar mass. M can be taken from tables for chemical elements and can be calculated from such values ​​for chemical compounds of known composition.

    The atomic mass given in tables for each chemical element refers to the natural isotope mixture. For example, the atomic mass for carbon is given as 12.0107 u. This value  cannot be used, for example, for material enriched in 13 C. While for stable elements the deviations from isotope mixtures as they occur in nature are relatively small, particularly for radioactive elements the isotope mixture can depend heavily on the origin and age of the material.

     

    Use of the mole unit for concentration information

    Concentrations (salinity of solutions, acidity of solutions, etc.). One of the most common uses is the  x-molar solution  (the x stands for any rational positive number).
     
     
    Examples
    A  2.5 molar A solution  contains 2.5 moles of solute A in 1 liter of the solution.
    Helium has a mass of approximately 4 u (u is the atomic mass unit; a helium atom has 2 protons and 2 neutrons). Helium gas is monatomic, so in the following example the mole refers to He atoms without the need for specific mention.
    • 1 mol of helium has a mass of about 4 g and contains about 6,022 e 23 helium  atoms.

     

    Mass of 1 mol of water

    • A water molecule usually contains 18 nucleons.
    • The mass of a nuclear particle is approximately 1 .6605 e -24  g.
    • 1 water molecule usually has the mass 18  ·  1 .6605 e -24  g.
    • The mass of 1 mol of water is 6 .022 e 23 times the mass of a water molecule.
    • The mass of 1 mol of water is therefore 6 .022 e 23  ·  18  ·  1 .6605 e -24  g = 18 g (the numerical value is equal to the molecular mass in u).

    If you take the more precise atomic masses instead of the number of nucleons, the result is a slightly higher value of 18.015 g.

     

    Production of lithium hydroxide from lithium and water

    When LiOH is formed, two water molecules are split by two lithium atoms into one H and one OH part. Because there are the same number of particles in every mole of every substance (see above), you need, for example, 2 moles of lithium and 2 moles of water (or any other amount of substance in a 2:2 ratio).

    For example, 6.94 g of lithium twice and 18 g of water twice react to form 2 g of hydrogen and 47.88 g of lithium hydroxide.

    See also: mole  concentration , moles in grams , grams in moles

     
    Source among others:  https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol
     
    Context: 
    ID:  510
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